This site is fully related to medical laboratory information for public and health care professionals.
Introduction The Journal Citation Reports (JCR) Impact Factor is a widely recognized metric used to measure the influence of academic journals. Keynotes Here are key points about the JCR Impact Factor: Applications The Journal Citation Reports (JCR) Impact Factor is a prominent metric in the …
Introduction The SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) is a measure reflecting the scientific influence of scholarly journals. It accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from. Keynotes Here are the …
Introduction The dynamic field of fungal phylogenetics is continually evolving, leading to numerous revisions in the classification and nomenclature of fungi. The list provided here captures several of the latest name changes among fungi of medical significance. However, it is important to note that this …
Introduction Turbidimetry is an analytical technique used to measure the turbidity (cloudiness or haziness) of a fluid due to the presence of suspended particles. The basic principle of turbidimetry is to measure the loss of intensity of light due to the scattering effect of the …
Introduction Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a laboratory technique used primarily in the diagnosis and monitoring of certain blood disorders, particularly those involving abnormal or excessive production of proteins by the immune system. Here’s a brief introduction: This test is a sophisticated tool in the field …
Introduction Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a blood protein that functions as a protease inhibitor, particularly protecting the lungs from damage by inhibiting enzymes released during inflammatory reactions. Anti-alpha-1 antitrypsin antibodies are specialized proteins that target and bind to AAT, and they have a variety of …
Introduction The Serum Free Light Chains (FLC) test measures the levels of free light chains in the blood, which are immunoglobulin light chains not bound to heavy chains. This test has become an essential clinical tool in recent decades for diagnosing and monitoring diseases like …
Introduction of the cost of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for a fungus Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is a powerful technology that has revolutionized the fields of genetics, biology, and medicine. It involves determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome at a single time. This comprehensive …
Introduction In the realm of research and scientific studies, the terms “retrospective” and “prospective” refer to two different study designs, each with its own methodology and purpose. Differences Here’s a breakdown of the two: Retrospective Study: Prospective Study: Keywords to Understand the Differences
Introduction In the healthcare system, care is typically structured in a hierarchical model, comprising primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels. Each level is defined by the complexity of the medical cases they handle, the specialization of medical personnel, and the facilities and equipment available. Differences …
Introduction n ammonia blood test is used to measure the level of ammonia in the blood. It is typically performed to detect hyperammonemia, which is a higher than expected level of ammonia​​. Ammonia is produced when proteins are broken down by bacteria in the intestines …
Introduction PPLO (Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms) Agar is a specialized growth medium used primarily for the cultivation of Mycoplasma. Mycoplasma species are unique prokaryotes that lack a cell wall and, therefore, have specific nutritional requirements that are provided by the PPLO agar. Components of PPLO Agar: Characteristics …
Introduction Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) is a term that encompasses a group of enzymes produced by certain bacteria. These enzymes impart resistance to a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics, which are frequently used in clinical medicine. Here’s an introduction to ESBL: Origin and Mechanism: Clinical …
Introduction of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (previously known as Corynebacterium haemolyticum) is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium. This bacterium is known to be a human pathogen and can cause infections primarily in the pharynx and skin. Here are some key points about this organism: Morphology Arcanobacterium …
Introduction of Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are a group of enzymes produced by certain bacteria that impart resistance to a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics. These enzymes play a crucial role in the global health challenge posed by antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Origin and Mechanism: Clinical …
Introduction C-peptide, or “connecting peptide,” is a protein fragment that’s a byproduct of insulin production in the pancreas. When proinsulin, a precursor of insulin, is split into its two active components—insulin and C-peptide—both are released into the bloodstream in roughly equal amounts. As a result, …
Introduction The Cystatin C test is a valuable tool in nephrology and has been growing in importance as an alternative or supplement to traditional kidney function markers. Here’s an introduction to the Cystatin C test: Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a low molecular weight …
Introduction The cholinesterase test is a significant diagnostic tool in both clinical and occupational medicine. Here’s an introduction to it: Cholinesterase Test: An Introduction Cholinesterase is an enzyme that plays a pivotal role in nerve function in both humans and insects. It’s responsible for breaking …
Introduction Citrobacter farmeri is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family, which also includes other well-known genera like Escherichia, Salmonella, and Klebsiella. The genus “Citrobacter” was named for its ability to utilize citrate as its sole carbon source. Here’s a …
Introduction Prevotella is a genus of Gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria commonly found in the human oral and gut microbiota. These bacteria have been the focus of numerous studies due to their association with both health and disease in humans. Here’s a brief introduction: Morphology The morphology …
Introduction The Troponin I Test is a crucial diagnostic tool in cardiology. Here’s an introduction: Troponin I Test: An Overview 1. What is Troponin I? 2. Purpose of the Test: 3. Clinical Utility: 4. Procedure: 5. Interpretation: 6. Advantages Over Other Markers: 7. Considerations: Test …
Introduction The Aldolase Test measures the level of the enzyme aldolase in the blood, which can indicate muscle damage. Here’s a basic outline of the test result, unit, reference range, and test methods: Aldolase Test Test Result, Unit, Reference Range, and Test Methods The Aldolase …
Reviewing a case report requires a structured approach to ensure that the content is both scientifically valid and clinically relevant. Here are some key points to consider during the review process: When reviewing a case report, it’s crucial to approach it with an open mind, …
Introduction The homocysteine test is an important medical diagnostic tool, especially in the context of cardiovascular health. Here’s an introduction to the topic: What is Homocysteine? Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid derived from the metabolism of methionine, an essential amino acid obtained from the …
Introduction of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Platforms Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) has transformed the field of genomics and our understanding of the intricacies of the genome. Here’s a brief introduction to the topic: What is Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)? Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, is …
Introduction Haptoglobin is an acute-phase protein synthesized primarily in the liver. Its main physiological function is to bind free hemoglobin (Hb) released from erythrocytes, forming a stable haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. This prevents the loss of iron and potential kidney damage that could result from hemoglobin passing …
Introduction of Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) are a type of genetic variation found within the DNA of organisms, including humans. They were one of the earliest molecular techniques used for genetic analysis and have played a significant role in …
Introduction Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis is a medical diagnostic test that measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood. This test provides crucial information about a patient’s respiratory and metabolic status, helping healthcare providers assess the efficiency …
Introduction Klebsiella pneumoniae, often abbreviated as K. pneumoniae, is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the human digestive tract, as well as in soil and water. While it is a part of the normal flora in the human gut, K. pneumoniae can …
Introduction The fructosamine test is a laboratory blood test used to monitor and evaluate blood glucose control over a relatively short period, typically spanning two to three weeks. It provides an alternative or complementary measure to the more common hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test, which reflects …
Introduction The transferrin saturation (iron saturation) test is a medical laboratory test used to assess the amount of iron bound to transferrin, a protein that transports iron in the blood. This test provides valuable information about the body’s iron status and is often used in …
Introduction Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) is a molecular typing technique used in microbiology and genetics to classify and differentiate bacterial strains based on their genetic diversity. MLST is particularly valuable for studying the epidemiology and evolution of bacterial pathogens. Here is an introduction to the …
Introduction A cadmium blood test is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the concentration of cadmium in a person’s bloodstream. Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can be harmful to human health when present in excessive amounts. This test is typically ordered by healthcare …
Introduction A spectrophotometer is a scientific instrument used to measure how different substances absorb or transmit light at various wavelengths. It is a valuable tool in chemistry, biology, physics, and various other scientific disciplines. Spectrophotometry allows researchers to quantitatively analyze the concentration of a solute …
Introduction A zinc blood test is a medical diagnostic procedure used to measure the concentration of zinc in a person’s bloodstream. Zinc is an essential trace element in the human body and plays a crucial role in various physiological processes. This test helps healthcare providers …
Introduction Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a powerful laboratory technique used in molecular biology and genetics to separate and analyze large DNA molecules, such as genomic DNA, by their size. PFGE is particularly valuable when studying organisms with complex genomes, such as bacteria, yeast, and …
Introduction A lead blood test, also known as a blood lead level test or BLL test, is a medical diagnostic procedure used to measure the concentration of lead in a person’s bloodstream. Lead is a toxic heavy metal that can have harmful effects on various …
Introduction Tapeworms, scientifically known as cestodes, are a type of parasitic flatworm that belong to the class Cestoda. These parasites are characterized by their long, ribbon-like bodies, which are made up of multiple segments called proglottids. Tapeworms are well adapted to a parasitic lifestyle, often …
Introduction A Mercury Blood Test, also known as a blood mercury level test or serum mercury test, is a medical diagnostic procedure used to measure the concentration of mercury in a person’s bloodstream. Mercury is a heavy metal that can have toxic effects on the …
Introduction A selenium blood test is a diagnostic test that measures the concentration of selenium in a person’s bloodstream. Selenium is an essential trace element and a micronutrient that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the human body. It is obtained through …
Introduction Ascaris lumbricoides, commonly known as the “giant roundworm,” is a parasitic nematode (roundworm) that infects the intestines of humans. It is one of the most prevalent and widespread parasitic infections in the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Here is …
Introduction A lactate test, also known as a lactic acid test, is a medical diagnostic test that measures the concentration of lactate in the blood. Lactate is a molecule produced when the body breaks down glucose for energy, particularly during periods of intense physical activity …
Introduction Trichuris trichiura, commonly known as the whipworm, is a parasitic nematode (roundworm) that infects the human gastrointestinal tract, primarily the cecum and colon. This parasite is one of the major soil-transmitted helminths (STH) that affect humans worldwide. Here is an introduction to Trichuris trichiura: …
Introduction of Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive and specific laboratory technique used to measure the concentration of various substances, typically hormones, drugs, or specific proteins, in biological samples such as blood, urine, or tissue extracts. RIA combines principles from both radiochemistry and …
Introduction The Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) test is a medical diagnostic tool used to assess the functioning of the heart, specifically in the evaluation of heart failure. BNP is a hormone produced by the heart in response to increased pressure and stretching of heart muscle …
Introduction The osteocalcin test, also known as the bone Gla-protein or BGP test, is a medical diagnostic tool used to measure the levels of osteocalcin in the blood. Osteocalcin is a protein primarily produced by osteoblasts, which are cells responsible for bone formation. This test …
Introduction Nephelometry is a scientific technique used to measure the scattering of light by particles suspended in a liquid or gas medium. It is an essential tool in various fields, including chemistry, environmental science, and medical diagnostics. The term “nephelometry” is derived from the Greek …
Introduction Micrococcus luteus, often simply referred to as M. luteus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacterium belonging to the genus Micrococcus. This bacterium is commonly found in various environments, including soil, dust, water, and on the human skin. Micrococcus species are known for their distinctive yellow …
Introduction Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection characterized by an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, leading to the overgrowth of certain types of bacteria. It is a condition that primarily affects individuals with female reproductive anatomy and can lead to a range of …
Introduction Klebsiella oxytoca, often abbreviated as K. oxytoca, is a species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. This bacterium is closely related to Klebsiella pneumoniae, another well-known member of the same genus. It is a versatile microorganism that can be found in …
Introduction Morganella morganii is a species of gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. This bacterium is named after the American bacteriologist, Thomas J. Morgan. It is commonly found in various environments, including soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. While it …
Introduction Micrococcus roseus is a species of bacteria belonging to the genus Micrococcus. This microorganism is known for its distinctive pink to red pigmentation, which is a result of carotenoid pigments present in its cells and it is a Gram-positive, non-motile, and non-spore-forming bacterium. It …
Introduction Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a group of illnesses that affect the respiratory system, which includes the organs and structures involved in breathing. These infections can range from mild to severe and may involve various parts of the respiratory tract, including the upper and …
Introduction Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, particularly in the fermentation of foods and beverages, as well as in maintaining the balance of the microbiota in the human body. This genus belongs to the lactic acid …
Introduction Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay or cavities, is a prevalent and multifactorial oral health condition that affects people of all ages worldwide. It is one of the most common chronic diseases, with significant implications for oral and overall health. Dental caries results …
Introduction of H9 HbA1C Analyzer The “H9 HbA1c Analyzer (HPLC)” appears to be a medical device used for the measurement of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in blood samples. Let me break down what this means: Here’s how the process typically works: Measuring HbA1c levels is …
Introduction Bacteriophages, often called phages for short, are viruses that specifically infect and replicate within bacteria. They are among the most abundant and diverse biological entities on Earth and play a crucial role in regulating bacterial populations in various ecosystems. Here’s an introduction to bacteriophages: …
Introduction Archaea, pronounced “ahr-kee-uh,” are a fascinating and diverse group of microorganisms that belong to the domain of life known as Archaea. They represent one of the three major domains of life, with the other two being Bacteria and Eukarya. They are distinct from both …
Introduction Candida parapsilosis is a species of yeast or fungus that is commonly found in the environment and can also be a commensal organism in the human body. It is a member of the Candida genus, which includes several species of yeast that can cause …
Introduction The BCR-ABL1 genetic test is a diagnostic laboratory test that plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of certain types of leukemia, most notably chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and a subset of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This test helps identify the …
Introduction A McFarland densitometer is a simple yet essential laboratory instrument used to measure the optical density of a liquid bacterial suspension. It is a valuable tool in microbiology and clinical laboratories, particularly in tasks like adjusting bacterial cell concentrations for experiments, quality control of …
Introduction The E-Test, short for “Epsilometer Test,” is a diagnostic tool used in clinical microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. It is a method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics or antimicrobial agents against a particular bacterial or fungal pathogen. The E-Test is …
Introduction of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, commonly known as HPLC, is a powerful analytical technique used in chemistry, biochemistry, and various scientific disciplines for the separation, identification, and quantification of chemical compounds in complex mixtures. It is an essential tool in pharmaceuticals, …
Introduction Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria that belongs to the family Micrococcaceae. These bacteria are Gram-positive, spherical or cocci-shaped, and typically occur in pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters. Micrococcus species are commonly found in various environments, including soil, water, air, and on the skin …
Introduction Spectrophotometric assays are analytical techniques widely used in chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology to measure the concentration or absorbance of a substance in a solution. These assays rely on the principle that different molecules absorb light at specific wavelengths, and by measuring the amount …
Introduction Normal flora, also known as the microbiota or microbiome, refers to the diverse and abundant community of microorganisms that reside in and on the human body, as well as in various other organisms and ecological niches. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and even …
Introduction Staphylococcus haemolyticus, commonly known as S. haemolyticus, is a species of bacteria belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. It is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic coccus (spherical bacterium) and a member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) group. S. haemolyticus is one of several species within the …
Introduction Staphylococcus epidermidis, often referred to as S. epidermidis, is a type of bacteria that belongs to the Staphylococcus genus. It is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and is considered a part of the normal microbiota, which means it is …
Introduction An arsenic blood test is a medical diagnostic procedure used to measure the concentration of arsenic in a person’s bloodstream. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can be found in soil, water, and air. While it has some industrial applications, arsenic exposure, particularly …
Introduction Serratia liquefaciens is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the genus Serratia. This bacterium is known for its diverse distribution in various environmental niches, including water, soil, plants, and human-related habitats. It has also been associated with clinical infections in humans, making …
Introduction The Ceruloplasmin Test is a medical diagnostic test used to measure the levels of ceruloplasmin in a person’s blood. Ceruloplasmin is a copper-binding protein that plays a vital role in copper metabolism and transport in the body. This test helps in assessing copper-related disorders …
Introduction Urine Protein Electrophoresis (UPEP) is a medical diagnostic test used to analyze and separate the proteins found in a urine sample. This test is primarily performed to detect and identify abnormal proteins, particularly those associated with certain medical conditions, including kidney disorders, multiple myeloma, …
Introduction The Vitamin D 1,25-dihydroxy (calcitriol) blood test, also known as the 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol test or simply the calcitriol test, is a laboratory examination that measures the concentration of active vitamin D metabolite, calcitriol, in the bloodstream. Calcitriol is the biologically active form of vitamin D …
Introduction An alcohol blood test, also known as a blood alcohol test or ethanol blood test, is a medical laboratory test that measures the concentration of alcohol (ethanol) in a person’s bloodstream. This test is commonly used to determine whether an individual has consumed alcohol …
Introduction The Lipoprotein(a) blood test, often abbreviated as Lp(a) test, is a diagnostic blood test that measures the concentration of lipoprotein(a) in a person’s bloodstream. Lipoprotein(a) is a unique type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol through the blood. This test is conducted to assess an …
Introduction The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) blood test is a diagnostic test used to measure the level of ACE enzyme activity in a person’s blood. This test provides valuable information about the activity of ACE in the body, which plays a crucial role in the regulation …
Introduction Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in purine metabolism, specifically in the conversion of adenosine to inosine. This enzyme is essential for maintaining the balance of nucleotides in cells and is particularly important for the normal functioning of the …
Introduction The Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) Blood Test is a medical diagnostic test used to measure the level of neuron-specific enolase, an enzyme found in neurons, in a patient’s blood. This test is valuable in various clinical settings, particularly in neurology and oncology, and it provides …
Introduction A Triglyceride Test, also known as a triglyceride blood test or lipid panel, is a diagnostic blood test that measures the levels of triglycerides in the bloodstream. Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in the blood, and they are a key component …
Introduction The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test is a common blood test that measures the level of nitrogen in the form of urea in the blood. Urea is a waste product produced in the liver as a result of the breakdown of proteins and amino …
Introduction Sigmoidoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the lower part of the large intestine, specifically the sigmoid colon and rectum. It is a type of endoscopy and is performed by a healthcare provider known as a gastroenterologist or colorectal surgeon. Sigmoidoscopy is a …
Introduction of Lupus Anticoagulant Profile The Lupus Anticoagulant Panel Test, often referred to as the Lupus Anticoagulant Profile or LA Panel, is a series of laboratory tests used to diagnose and monitor lupus anticoagulant (LA) and other antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). These tests are essential for …
Introduction Flow cytometry is a powerful laboratory technique used in the fields of biology, medicine, and immunology to analyze and quantify various physical and chemical characteristics of cells and particles. It allows for the rapid and simultaneous measurement of multiple properties of individual cells as …
Introduction Actinomyces is a genus of bacteria that includes various species of filamentous, gram-positive, anaerobic or microaerophilic bacteria. These bacteria are known for their ability to form branching, filamentous structures resembling fungi in infected tissues. Actinomyces species are typically found in the normal flora of …
Introduction X-rays, also known as radiographs, are a form of electromagnetic radiation that has been used for over a century in various fields, particularly in medicine and industry, to create images of the inside of objects or the human body. Here’s an introduction to X-rays: …
Introduction Colonoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the colon (large intestine) and the rectum using a long, flexible tube-like instrument called a colonoscope. This procedure is commonly performed by gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons and is an important tool in diagnosing, monitoring, …
Introduction Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) is a laboratory technique used for detecting and visualizing specific antigens or antibodies in biological samples. It combines the principles of both immunology and fluorescence microscopy to provide highly specific and sensitive results. IFA is widely employed in various fields, including …
Introduction Adenoviruses are a group of viruses belonging to the Adenoviridae family. They are named after the tissue (adenoids) where they were first discovered. Adenoviruses are widespread and can infect humans and a variety of animals. In humans, adenoviruses are known to cause a wide …
Introduction A Papanicolaou smear, commonly known as a Pap smear or Pap test, is a routine gynecological screening procedure used to detect abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. The …
Introduction Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the herpesvirus family, specifically Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5), and is a common viral pathogen that infects people of all ages. CMV is a widespread virus, and a majority of adults have been infected with it at some point …
Introduction The Stool Occult Blood Test, also known as the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) or Hemoccult Test, is a diagnostic test used to detect the presence of hidden (occult) blood in stool samples. This test is valuable for screening and early detection of gastrointestinal …
Introduction The VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) and TPHA (Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay) tests are laboratory diagnostic tests used to detect antibodies produced in response to the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is the causative agent of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI). These tests play …
Introduction Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is a member of the herpesvirus family and is one of the most common human viruses. EBV is known for its ability to establish lifelong infections in humans, primarily in B lymphocytes (a type …
Introduction Hepatitis B is a viral infection that can lead to serious liver-related diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Early detection and diagnosis of Hepatitis B are essential for effective management and prevention of transmission. HBsAg ELISA, an acronym for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Enzyme-Linked …
Introduction HCV ELISA stands for Hepatitis C Virus Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. It is a laboratory test used to detect antibodies to the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a person’s blood. HCV is a bloodborne virus that can cause chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and liver …
Introduction The HIV-1 & 2 -Ag & Ab Screening Test is a crucial diagnostic tool used to detect the presence of antibodies (Ab) and antigens (Ag) associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 …
Introduction HIV, HBsAg, and HCV ELISA are three distinct diagnostic tests used in the field of medicine and clinical diagnostics to detect specific viral infections. Here’s an introduction to each of these tests: These ELISA tests are essential tools in the diagnosis and monitoring of …
 Introduction Soft tissue infections (STIs) refer to a broad category of infections that affect the body’s soft tissues, including muscles, skin, subcutaneous tissue, and connective tissues. These infections can be caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and even parasites. They can range in …
Introduction The Scrub Typhus IgM test is a diagnostic assay used to detect IgM antibodies against the bacteria Orientia tsutsugamushi, which causes scrub typhus, a vector-borne infectious disease. It is prevalent in certain parts of Asia, the Pacific Islands, and other regions with heavy vegetation …
Introduction HIV ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a widely used laboratory test for the detection of antibodies to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in blood samples. It plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and screening of HIV infection. ELISA is an immunological assay that …
Introduction Gas gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis, is a severe and potentially life-threatening bacterial infection that primarily affects muscle tissues. It is caused by certain species of bacteria from the Clostridium genus, especially Clostridium perfringens. These bacteria are anaerobic, which means they thrive in …
Introduction The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic technique used to detect the genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in individuals suspected of having COVID-19. This test plays a crucial role in identifying active infections …
Introduction Wound infections refer to the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, in a wound or injury site. These infections can occur after various types of wounds, including surgical incisions, traumatic injuries, burns, and chronic ulcers. Wound infections are a common complication …
Introduction The Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA) test is a diagnostic blood test used to detect antibodies against the bacterium, Treponema pallidum, which is responsible for causing syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI). The TPHA test is a specific and sensitive serological assay that aids in …
Introduction The CK-NAC (Creatine Kinase with N-Acetyl Cysteine) test, also known as CK-MB-NAC or CK-NAC enzyme assay, is a diagnostic laboratory test used to measure the level of creatine kinase with N-acetyl cysteine in the blood. Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme found primarily in …
Introduction The Hepatitis C Antibody (anti-HCV) test is a crucial diagnostic tool used in the field of medicine to detect the presence of antibodies against the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a patient’s blood. HCV is a significant viral infection that can cause chronic liver …
Introduction Salmonella Typhi IgM and IgG tests are diagnostic tools used to detect antibodies in the blood that are specific to the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is the causative agent of typhoid fever, a potentially serious and life-threatening illness. These tests play a crucial role …
Introduction The Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) test is a diagnostic blood test that measures the level of parathyroid hormone in a person’s bloodstream. This hormone is primarily produced and regulated by the parathyroid glands, which are four small, pea-sized glands located in the neck behind the …
Introduction The Uric Acid (UA) test is a medical diagnostic procedure used to measure the levels of uric acid in a person’s blood or urine. Uric acid is a waste product that is produced when the body breaks down purines, which are chemical compounds found …