This site is fully related to medical laboratory information for public and health care professionals.
Introduction The D-Zone test identifies inducible clindamycin resistance in bacteria. Typically, it involves using erythromycin and clindamycin discs on an agar plate. When placed near each other, the interaction is observed. If a D-shaped zone appears around clindamycin, resistance is confirmed. Consequently, this test helps …
Introduction “Rifampicin resistant indeterminate” refers to an unclear or inconclusive result in testing for resistance to the antibiotic rifampicin, often used in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Here’s a breakdown of the term: Rifampicin Resistant Result and Cause Indeterminate Result: This means the test did …
Introduction The D-Dimer test measures a substance released when a blood clot breaks up. It helps diagnose clotting disorders. Doctors often order this test to rule out conditions like deep vein thrombosis. It is also useful for diagnosing pulmonary embolism. A high D-Dimer level indicates …
Introduction Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) affects areas outside the lungs. It impacts the lymph nodes, pleura, and bones. Patients often experience varied symptoms, depending on the affected site. Lymph node TB causes swelling, while bone TB results in pain. Pleural TB leads to chest pain and …
Introduction of India Ink preparation Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that causes cryptococcal meningitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The capsule is a critical virulence factor, and its visualization is essential for diagnosis. This preparation is a common method used to visualize the capsule. Here, …
Introduction Gram staining is a routine diagnostic tool for respiratory infections. It reveals bacteria in sputum samples. Occasionally, Gram staining shows numerous pus cells but no microbes. This finding raises several clinical questions and concerns. Pus cells indicate an inflammatory response. They suggest a possible …
Introduction Enterococcus gallinarum is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacterium. It naturally inhabits the intestines of humans and animals. This bacterium exhibits intrinsic resistance to vancomycin. It can cause infections in immunocompromised patients. It is associated with urinary tract infections and bacteremia. Proper laboratory techniques are …
Introduction Cedecea davisae is a rare, opportunistic pathogen in the Enterobacteriaceae family. It was first isolated from a human wound. This bacterium can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals. It exhibits resistance to several antibiotics. It is often misidentified due to its rarity. However, proper laboratory …
Introduction Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common, coagulase-negative bacterium found on human skin and mucous membranes. It is part of the normal human flora. However, it can cause infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Notably, it is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. These infections often occur …
Introduction Gemella morbillorum is a gram-positive bacterium, typically found in the human mouth, throat, and respiratory tract. It occasionally causes infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying health conditions. Common infections include endocarditis, bacteremia, and abscesses. Notably, it can lead to serious complications …
Introduction to Advanced Molecular Techniques in Clinical Mycology Clinical mycology laboratories play a crucial role in diagnosing and managing fungal infections. Traditional methods like culture and microscopy are often complemented by advanced molecular techniques to improve the accuracy and speed of fungal identification. Among these …
Introduction If you are a citizen of Nepal planning to attend a conference in the USA, you will typically apply for a B-1 Business Visitor visa. Visa Application Process Here is a detailed list of the documents you will need for the visa application process: …
Introduction Kaplan-Meier survival curves estimate survival over time from lifetime data. They plot survival probabilities against time. Each event in a study recalculates these probabilities. The curves step down with each event, staying flat during event-free times. Vertical marks on the curve indicate censored data, …
Introduction of Skill for Searching Proper Journal Article When looking for the right journal article, start by defining your research question clearly. Use academic databases like PubMed or JSTOR to find relevant journals. Apply specific keywords related to your topic to narrow down the search …
Introduction A journal search engine allows users to find academic articles and scholarly literature. It typically accesses multiple databases. Researchers use these platforms to locate relevant studies, papers, or data quickly. Most engines offer advanced search options to refine results by date, subject, or type. …
Introduction Writing a PhD semester progress report involves summarizing your academic and research activities over the semester. This report is important for tracking your progress, identifying challenges, and planning future work. Contents for PhD Semester Progress Report Here’s a guide on how to structure and …
Introduction Candidiasis is an infection caused by Candida fungi, commonly Candida albicans. These fungi naturally live on the skin and inside the body, like in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, without causing problems. However, if the environment inside the body changes or the immune …
Introduction An iron blood test measures how much iron is in your blood. It helps diagnose conditions like anemia or iron overload. This test can show if you’re absorbing iron properly. Doctors often order it when symptoms like fatigue or weakness appear. The test involves …
Introduction Staphylococcus hominis is a type of bacteria commonly found on human skin. It is part of the natural skin flora, living harmlessly in most cases. However, it can cause infections, especially in people with weakened immune systems or with implanted medical devices. These infections …
Introduction Aeromonas salmonicida is a notorious bacterium primarily targeting fish, causing the deadly disease known as furunculosis. Typically found in freshwater and marine environments, it poses a significant threat to aquaculture industries worldwide. This bacterium spreads quickly, particularly in crowded conditions like those found in …
Introduction The terms “oncology patient” and “cancer patient” are closely related but have slightly different implications based on context and usage. Differences Cancer Patient: Oncology Patient: Oncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.Thus, an “oncology patient” …
Introduction Raoultella ornithinolytica is a Gram-negative, encapsulated, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Originally classified under the genus Klebsiella, it has been reclassified due to its distinct biochemical properties, including the ability to metabolize ornithine. This bacterium is commonly found in water, soil, …
Introduction Leuconostoc mesenteroides is a species of lactic acid bacteria that plays a significant role in food fermentation and preservation. It is characterized by its ability to convert sugars into lactic acid, a process that enhances the shelf life and safety of many foods. This …
Introduction of Journal Articles Summarizing Tips Summarizing long journal articles efficiently requires a strategic approach to reading and understanding the material. It will minimizes the time and provides great output. Major Steps Used for Journal Articles Summarizing Tips Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you …
Introduction Streptococcus sanguinis is a Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the Streptococcaceae family. It is a commensal bacterium commonly found in the human oral cavity and is part of the normal oral microbiota. While it generally coexists peacefully with its host, S. sanguinis can also play …
Introduction of Declaration of Helsinki The Declaration of Helsinki is a set of ethical guidelines and principles for conducting human clinical trials and biomedical research involving human subjects. It was first adopted in 1964 by the World Medical Association (WMA) and has undergone several revisions …
Introduction The Quadruple Test, also known as the Quad Test or Quadruple Screen, is a prenatal screening test conducted during the second trimester of pregnancy to assess the risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities and neural tube defects in the developing fetus. The test typically involves …
Introduction Open systems and closed systems refer to different approaches in the development and distribution of software. These terms are often used in the context of operating systems, but they can also apply to software applications and other computing environments. Here’s a brief overview of …
Introduction An operating system (OS) is software that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and the user. It provides a platform for running applications and managing computer resources. The primary functions of an operating system include: Common examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows, …
Introduction of R (programming language) R is a programming language and environment specifically designed for statistical computing and data analysis. It was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and is currently maintained by the R Development Core …
Introduction Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft that allows users to create, organize, analyze, and visualize data in tabular form. It is widely used in various industries, businesses, and educational institutions for tasks ranging from simple data entry to complex financial …
Introduction Counting red blood cells (RBCs) using a Neubauer chamber, also known as a hemocytometer, is a manual technique commonly used in hematology. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to perform a manual RBC count using a Neubauer chamber: Equipment and Materials Procedure Keynotes on …
Introduction Reference manager software, also known as bibliographic software or citation management software, is a type of tool used for managing and organizing references, citations, and bibliographies in academic writing and research. The primary purpose of these software tools is to simplify the process of …
Introduction The blood Copper Test is a clinical diagnostic procedure used to measure the concentration of copper in the blood. This test is important in the assessment of various health conditions related to copper metabolism. Test Result, Unit, Reference Range, and Test Methods The blood …
Introduction The Acid Phosphatase Test is a blood test primarily used to measure the level of acid phosphatase enzyme in the blood. Acid phosphatase is an enzyme found in several tissues, including the prostate gland, liver, spleen, blood cells, and bone marrow. Test Result, Unit, …
Introduction Gemella is a genus of bacteria that is part of the normal flora of the human body, particularly found in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and upper respiratory tract. These bacteria are typically harmless but can be opportunistic pathogens, especially in individuals with compromised …
Introduction Serum osmolality, often referred to as osmolarity in clinical practice, is a measure of the solute concentration in the blood. It is an important laboratory test that reflects the body’s hydration status and the balance of solutes and water. Here’s a brief introduction: Definition: …
Introduction The Journal Citation Reports (JCR) Impact Factor is a widely recognized metric used to measure the influence of academic journals. Keynotes Here are key points about the JCR Impact Factor: Applications The Journal Citation Reports (JCR) Impact Factor is a prominent metric in the …
Introduction The SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) is a measure reflecting the scientific influence of scholarly journals. It accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from. Keynotes Here are the …
Introduction The dynamic field of fungal phylogenetics is continually evolving, leading to numerous revisions in the classification and nomenclature of fungi. The list provided here captures several of the latest name changes among fungi of medical significance. However, it is important to note that this …
Introduction Turbidimetry is an analytical technique used to measure the turbidity (cloudiness or haziness) of a fluid due to the presence of suspended particles. The basic principle of turbidimetry is to measure the loss of intensity of light due to the scattering effect of the …
Introduction Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a laboratory technique used primarily in the diagnosis and monitoring of certain blood disorders, particularly those involving abnormal or excessive production of proteins by the immune system. Here’s a brief introduction: This test is a sophisticated tool in the field …
Introduction Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a blood protein that functions as a protease inhibitor, particularly protecting the lungs from damage by inhibiting enzymes released during inflammatory reactions. Anti-alpha-1 antitrypsin antibodies are specialized proteins that target and bind to AAT, and they have a variety of …
Introduction The Serum Free Light Chains (FLC) test measures the levels of free light chains in the blood, which are immunoglobulin light chains not bound to heavy chains. This test has become an essential clinical tool in recent decades for diagnosing and monitoring diseases like …
Introduction of the cost of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for a fungus Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is a powerful technology that has revolutionized the fields of genetics, biology, and medicine. It involves determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome at a single time. This comprehensive …
Introduction In the realm of research and scientific studies, the terms “retrospective” and “prospective” refer to two different study designs, each with its own methodology and purpose. Differences Here’s a breakdown of the two: Retrospective Study: Prospective Study: Keywords to Understand the Differences
Introduction In the healthcare system, care is typically structured in a hierarchical model, comprising primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels. Each level is defined by the complexity of the medical cases they handle, the specialization of medical personnel, and the facilities and equipment available. Differences …
Introduction n ammonia blood test is used to measure the level of ammonia in the blood. It is typically performed to detect hyperammonemia, which is a higher than expected level of ammonia. Ammonia is produced when proteins are broken down by bacteria in the intestines …
Introduction PPLO (Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms) Agar is a specialized growth medium used primarily for the cultivation of Mycoplasma. Mycoplasma species are unique prokaryotes that lack a cell wall and, therefore, have specific nutritional requirements that are provided by the PPLO agar. Components of PPLO Agar: Characteristics …
Introduction Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) is a term that encompasses a group of enzymes produced by certain bacteria. These enzymes impart resistance to a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics, which are frequently used in clinical medicine. Here’s an introduction to ESBL: Origin and Mechanism: Clinical …
Introduction of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (previously known as Corynebacterium haemolyticum) is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium. This bacterium is known to be a human pathogen and can cause infections primarily in the pharynx and skin. Here are some key points about this organism: Morphology Arcanobacterium …
Introduction of Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are a group of enzymes produced by certain bacteria that impart resistance to a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics. These enzymes play a crucial role in the global health challenge posed by antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Origin and Mechanism: Clinical …
Introduction C-peptide, or “connecting peptide,” is a protein fragment that’s a byproduct of insulin production in the pancreas. When proinsulin, a precursor of insulin, is split into its two active components—insulin and C-peptide—both are released into the bloodstream in roughly equal amounts. As a result, …
Introduction The Cystatin C test is a valuable tool in nephrology and has been growing in importance as an alternative or supplement to traditional kidney function markers. Here’s an introduction to the Cystatin C test: Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a low molecular weight …
Introduction The cholinesterase test is a significant diagnostic tool in both clinical and occupational medicine. Here’s an introduction to it: Cholinesterase Test: An Introduction Cholinesterase is an enzyme that plays a pivotal role in nerve function in both humans and insects. It’s responsible for breaking …
Introduction Citrobacter farmeri is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family, which also includes other well-known genera like Escherichia, Salmonella, and Klebsiella. The genus “Citrobacter” was named for its ability to utilize citrate as its sole carbon source. Here’s a …
Introduction Prevotella is a genus of Gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria commonly found in the human oral and gut microbiota. These bacteria have been the focus of numerous studies due to their association with both health and disease in humans. Here’s a brief introduction: Morphology The morphology …
Introduction The Troponin I Test is a crucial diagnostic tool in cardiology. Here’s an introduction: Troponin I Test: An Overview 1. What is Troponin I? 2. Purpose of the Test: 3. Clinical Utility: 4. Procedure: 5. Interpretation: 6. Advantages Over Other Markers: 7. Considerations: Test …
Introduction The Aldolase Test measures the level of the enzyme aldolase in the blood, which can indicate muscle damage. Here’s a basic outline of the test result, unit, reference range, and test methods: Aldolase Test Test Result, Unit, Reference Range, and Test Methods The Aldolase …
Reviewing a case report requires a structured approach to ensure that the content is both scientifically valid and clinically relevant. Here are some key points to consider during the review process: When reviewing a case report, it’s crucial to approach it with an open mind, …
Introduction The homocysteine test is an important medical diagnostic tool, especially in the context of cardiovascular health. Here’s an introduction to the topic: What is Homocysteine? Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid derived from the metabolism of methionine, an essential amino acid obtained from the …
Introduction of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Platforms Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) has transformed the field of genomics and our understanding of the intricacies of the genome. Here’s a brief introduction to the topic: What is Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)? Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, is …
Introduction Haptoglobin is an acute-phase protein synthesized primarily in the liver. Its main physiological function is to bind free hemoglobin (Hb) released from erythrocytes, forming a stable haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. This prevents the loss of iron and potential kidney damage that could result from hemoglobin passing …
Introduction of Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) are a type of genetic variation found within the DNA of organisms, including humans. They were one of the earliest molecular techniques used for genetic analysis and have played a significant role in …
Introduction Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis is a medical diagnostic test that measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood. This test provides crucial information about a patient’s respiratory and metabolic status, helping healthcare providers assess the efficiency …
Introduction Klebsiella pneumoniae, often abbreviated as K. pneumoniae, is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the human digestive tract, as well as in soil and water. While it is a part of the normal flora in the human gut, K. pneumoniae can …
Introduction The fructosamine test is a laboratory blood test used to monitor and evaluate blood glucose control over a relatively short period, typically spanning two to three weeks. It provides an alternative or complementary measure to the more common hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test, which reflects …
Introduction The transferrin saturation (iron saturation) test is a medical laboratory test used to assess the amount of iron bound to transferrin, a protein that transports iron in the blood. This test provides valuable information about the body’s iron status and is often used in …
Introduction Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) is a molecular typing technique used in microbiology and genetics to classify and differentiate bacterial strains based on their genetic diversity. MLST is particularly valuable for studying the epidemiology and evolution of bacterial pathogens. Here is an introduction to the …
Introduction A cadmium blood test is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the concentration of cadmium in a person’s bloodstream. Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can be harmful to human health when present in excessive amounts. This test is typically ordered by healthcare …
Introduction A spectrophotometer is a scientific instrument used to measure how different substances absorb or transmit light at various wavelengths. It is a valuable tool in chemistry, biology, physics, and various other scientific disciplines. Spectrophotometry allows researchers to quantitatively analyze the concentration of a solute …
Introduction A zinc blood test is a medical diagnostic procedure used to measure the concentration of zinc in a person’s bloodstream. Zinc is an essential trace element in the human body and plays a crucial role in various physiological processes. This test helps healthcare providers …
Introduction Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a powerful laboratory technique used in molecular biology and genetics to separate and analyze large DNA molecules, such as genomic DNA, by their size. PFGE is particularly valuable when studying organisms with complex genomes, such as bacteria, yeast, and …
Introduction A lead blood test, also known as a blood lead level test or BLL test, is a medical diagnostic procedure used to measure the concentration of lead in a person’s bloodstream. Lead is a toxic heavy metal that can have harmful effects on various …
Introduction Tapeworms, scientifically known as cestodes, are a type of parasitic flatworm that belong to the class Cestoda. These parasites are characterized by their long, ribbon-like bodies, which are made up of multiple segments called proglottids. Tapeworms are well adapted to a parasitic lifestyle, often …
Introduction A Mercury Blood Test, also known as a blood mercury level test or serum mercury test, is a medical diagnostic procedure used to measure the concentration of mercury in a person’s bloodstream. Mercury is a heavy metal that can have toxic effects on the …
Introduction A selenium blood test is a diagnostic test that measures the concentration of selenium in a person’s bloodstream. Selenium is an essential trace element and a micronutrient that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the human body. It is obtained through …
Introduction Ascaris lumbricoides, commonly known as the “giant roundworm,” is a parasitic nematode (roundworm) that infects the intestines of humans. It is one of the most prevalent and widespread parasitic infections in the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Here is …
Introduction A lactate test, also known as a lactic acid test, is a medical diagnostic test that measures the concentration of lactate in the blood. Lactate is a molecule produced when the body breaks down glucose for energy, particularly during periods of intense physical activity …
Introduction Trichuris trichiura, commonly known as the whipworm, is a parasitic nematode (roundworm) that infects the human gastrointestinal tract, primarily the cecum and colon. This parasite is one of the major soil-transmitted helminths (STH) that affect humans worldwide. Here is an introduction to Trichuris trichiura: …
Introduction of Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive and specific laboratory technique used to measure the concentration of various substances, typically hormones, drugs, or specific proteins, in biological samples such as blood, urine, or tissue extracts. RIA combines principles from both radiochemistry and …
Introduction The Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) test is a medical diagnostic tool used to assess the functioning of the heart, specifically in the evaluation of heart failure. BNP is a hormone produced by the heart in response to increased pressure and stretching of heart muscle …
Introduction The osteocalcin test, also known as the bone Gla-protein or BGP test, is a medical diagnostic tool used to measure the levels of osteocalcin in the blood. Osteocalcin is a protein primarily produced by osteoblasts, which are cells responsible for bone formation. This test …
Introduction Nephelometry is a scientific technique used to measure the scattering of light by particles suspended in a liquid or gas medium. It is an essential tool in various fields, including chemistry, environmental science, and medical diagnostics. The term “nephelometry” is derived from the Greek …
Introduction Micrococcus luteus, often simply referred to as M. luteus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacterium belonging to the genus Micrococcus. This bacterium is commonly found in various environments, including soil, dust, water, and on the human skin. Micrococcus species are known for their distinctive yellow …
Introduction Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection characterized by an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, leading to the overgrowth of certain types of bacteria. It is a condition that primarily affects individuals with female reproductive anatomy and can lead to a range of …
Introduction Klebsiella oxytoca, often abbreviated as K. oxytoca, is a species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. This bacterium is closely related to Klebsiella pneumoniae, another well-known member of the same genus. It is a versatile microorganism that can be found in …
Introduction Morganella morganii is a species of gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. This bacterium is named after the American bacteriologist, Thomas J. Morgan. It is commonly found in various environments, including soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. While it …
Introduction Micrococcus roseus is a species of bacteria belonging to the genus Micrococcus. This microorganism is known for its distinctive pink to red pigmentation, which is a result of carotenoid pigments present in its cells and it is a Gram-positive, non-motile, and non-spore-forming bacterium. It …
Introduction Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a group of illnesses that affect the respiratory system, which includes the organs and structures involved in breathing. These infections can range from mild to severe and may involve various parts of the respiratory tract, including the upper and …
Introduction Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, particularly in the fermentation of foods and beverages, as well as in maintaining the balance of the microbiota in the human body. This genus belongs to the lactic acid …
Introduction Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay or cavities, is a prevalent and multifactorial oral health condition that affects people of all ages worldwide. It is one of the most common chronic diseases, with significant implications for oral and overall health. Dental caries results …
Introduction of H9 HbA1C Analyzer The “H9 HbA1c Analyzer (HPLC)” appears to be a medical device used for the measurement of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in blood samples. Let me break down what this means: Here’s how the process typically works: Measuring HbA1c levels is …
Introduction Bacteriophages, often called phages for short, are viruses that specifically infect and replicate within bacteria. They are among the most abundant and diverse biological entities on Earth and play a crucial role in regulating bacterial populations in various ecosystems. Here’s an introduction to bacteriophages: …
Introduction Archaea, pronounced “ahr-kee-uh,” are a fascinating and diverse group of microorganisms that belong to the domain of life known as Archaea. They represent one of the three major domains of life, with the other two being Bacteria and Eukarya. They are distinct from both …
Introduction Candida parapsilosis is a species of yeast or fungus that is commonly found in the environment and can also be a commensal organism in the human body. It is a member of the Candida genus, which includes several species of yeast that can cause …
Introduction The BCR-ABL1 genetic test is a diagnostic laboratory test that plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of certain types of leukemia, most notably chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and a subset of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This test helps identify the …
Introduction A McFarland densitometer is a simple yet essential laboratory instrument used to measure the optical density of a liquid bacterial suspension. It is a valuable tool in microbiology and clinical laboratories, particularly in tasks like adjusting bacterial cell concentrations for experiments, quality control of …
Introduction The E-Test, short for “Epsilometer Test,” is a diagnostic tool used in clinical microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. It is a method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics or antimicrobial agents against a particular bacterial or fungal pathogen. The E-Test is …
Introduction of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, commonly known as HPLC, is a powerful analytical technique used in chemistry, biochemistry, and various scientific disciplines for the separation, identification, and quantification of chemical compounds in complex mixtures. It is an essential tool in pharmaceuticals, …
Introduction Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria that belongs to the family Micrococcaceae. These bacteria are Gram-positive, spherical or cocci-shaped, and typically occur in pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters. Micrococcus species are commonly found in various environments, including soil, water, air, and on the skin …
Introduction Spectrophotometric assays are analytical techniques widely used in chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology to measure the concentration or absorbance of a substance in a solution. These assays rely on the principle that different molecules absorb light at specific wavelengths, and by measuring the amount …
Introduction Normal flora, also known as the microbiota or microbiome, refers to the diverse and abundant community of microorganisms that reside in and on the human body, as well as in various other organisms and ecological niches. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and even …
Introduction Staphylococcus haemolyticus, commonly known as S. haemolyticus, is a species of bacteria belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. It is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic coccus (spherical bacterium) and a member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) group. S. haemolyticus is one of several species within the …
Introduction Staphylococcus epidermidis, often referred to as S. epidermidis, is a type of bacteria that belongs to the Staphylococcus genus. It is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and is considered a part of the normal microbiota, which means it is …
Introduction An arsenic blood test is a medical diagnostic procedure used to measure the concentration of arsenic in a person’s bloodstream. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can be found in soil, water, and air. While it has some industrial applications, arsenic exposure, particularly …
Introduction Serratia liquefaciens is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the genus Serratia. This bacterium is known for its diverse distribution in various environmental niches, including water, soil, plants, and human-related habitats. It has also been associated with clinical infections in humans, making …
Introduction The Ceruloplasmin Test is a medical diagnostic test used to measure the levels of ceruloplasmin in a person’s blood. Ceruloplasmin is a copper-binding protein that plays a vital role in copper metabolism and transport in the body. This test helps in assessing copper-related disorders …
Introduction Urine Protein Electrophoresis (UPEP) is a medical diagnostic test used to analyze and separate the proteins found in a urine sample. This test is primarily performed to detect and identify abnormal proteins, particularly those associated with certain medical conditions, including kidney disorders, multiple myeloma, …
Introduction The Vitamin D 1,25-dihydroxy (calcitriol) blood test, also known as the 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol test or simply the calcitriol test, is a laboratory examination that measures the concentration of active vitamin D metabolite, calcitriol, in the bloodstream. Calcitriol is the biologically active form of vitamin D …