Antigen Versus PCR for SARS-CoV-2: Introduction, Principle, Differences, and Keynotes

by

Introduction of Antigen Versus PCR for SARS-CoV-2

Antigen and PCR tests in COVID-19 patients are the most common assays applicable for laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 caused by a virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). The antigen is a foreign substance that induces an immune response. The nucleocapsid (N) is the most common antigen for the SRAS-CoV-2 antigen test and is also called antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs). These Ag-RDTs work in the principle of immunochromatographic (lateral flow) assay. Ag-RDTs for COVID-19 will most often be positive when viral loads are highest and patients are most infectious – typically 1−3 days prior to the onset of symptoms and during the first 5−7 days after the onset of symptoms – and will become negative as the patient clears the infection and recovers. The nasopharyngeal swab is used as a specimen.

Abbott sars-cov-2 antigen test
Fig. Abbott SARS-CoV-2 antigen test-Left (weak) and right (strong) positive

PCR stands for a polymerase chain reaction and PCR assay applies to detect genetic material from a specific organism but here for a virus, SARS-Cov-2. The test detects the presence of genes of a virus if you have been infected at the time of the test. This PCR is also applicable to detect fragments of the virus even after you have no longer been infected. Test specimens are nasopharyngeal swabs,  oropharyngeal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), sputum, etc.

Principle

Antigen test works on the principle of immunochromatography while polymerase chain reaction (PCR) itself is a technique in which three common steps are denaturation (template into single strands), annealing ( primers to each original strand for new strand synthesis), and extension (new DNA strands from the primers).

SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Test-Positive
Fig. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Test-Positive

Differences-Antigen Versus PCR for SARS-CoV-2

The differences between antigen tests and PCR are as follows-

S. NoAntigen TestPCR
1Immunochromatographic testMolecular Test
2It is a rapid diagnostics test (RDT).PCR stands for a polymerase chain reaction and it is a technique.
3It detects antigen/s.It detects gene/s.
4It is less sensitive.Highly sensitive
5Rapid assay Time taken
6Reports in minutes ( average 3o minutes)Reports in hours (4 hours)
7Presumptive testConfirmatory tests
8It can be assayed in an ordinary setup.It needs a high level of setup.
9No need for highly qualified laboratory personnel.There is a need for highly qualified laboratory personnel.
10One staff can perform the test.Numerous laboratory personnel is required.
11Relatively inexpensive Expensive
12Less accurateIt is a highly accurate test with accuracy that approaches 100% and this is the reason, it is the gold standard for diagnosing SARS–CoV–2.
13It is a qualitative test. It is both a qualitative and semi-quantitative assay and thus positive report is mentioned with ct (cyclic threshold) values.
14can miss early cases of COVID-19 ( low viral load)Rarely occur so ( can detect even low viral load)
15. It can detect a viral load of a ct value less than 30. It can detect a viral load of ct value up to 40.

Keynotes on Antigen and PCR for SARS-CoV-2

Antigen Test

  • Antigen test occurs as positive typically 1−3 days prior to the onset of symptoms and during the first 5−7 days after the onset of symptoms thus it is known as an early marker of lab diagnosis.
  • It is a marker of active infection.
  • It is applicable at the point of care i.e. outside clinical laboratories.
  • Easy to perform
  • Quick results (within 30 minutes) enabling rapid implementation of infection control measures, including contact tracing
  • Less expensive than nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), e.g., RT-PCR assays

PCR Test

  1. PCR test detects active as well as inactive SARS-CoV-2 infection and therefore there is the significance of cycle threshold (Ct) values.
  2. Ct < 25 indicates high viral load, Ct 25-30 medium viral load, and Ct > 30 low viral load.
  3. This test is highly sensitive and specific.
  4. It is also a gold standard test for diagnosing COVID-19.

Further Readings

  1. WHO-2019-nCoV-Antigen_Detection-2020.1-eng.pdf
  2. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/antigen-detection-in-the-diagnosis-of-sars-cov-2infection-using-rapid-immunoassays
  3. https://covidreference.com/diagnosis
  4. https://www.umassmed.edu/news/news-archives/2021/11/whats-the-difference-between-a-pcr-and-antigen-covid-19-test/
  5. https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/79/1/ftaa069/6123719
  6. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01810-8
  7. https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05419-3
  8. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/21462-covid-19-and-pcr-testing
  9. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/337948
  10. https://jcm.asm.org/content/58/11/e01695-20
  11. https://universe84a.com/antigen-antibody-pcr-tests-covid-19/
  12. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00540-020-02875-8

Read Also...

156 thoughts on “Antigen Versus PCR for SARS-CoV-2: Introduction, Principle, Differences, and Keynotes”

  3. Hello, I think your blog might be having browser compatibility issues. When I look at your website in Chrome, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, very good blog!

    Reply

  9. Admiring the time and energy you put into your website and detailed information you provide. It’s great to come across a blog every once in a while that isn’t the same outdated rehashed information. Wonderful read! I’ve saved your site and I’m including your RSS feeds to my Google account.

    Reply

  10. Good day very nice website!! Man .. Beautiful .. Wonderful .. I will bookmark your site and take the feeds also?KI am happy to seek out numerous helpful info here within the post, we need work out more techniques on this regard, thanks for sharing. . . . . .

    Reply

  13. I’m really loving the theme/design of your weblog. Do you ever run into any browser compatibility problems? A small number of my blog visitors have complained about my site not working correctly in Explorer but looks great in Opera. Do you have any solutions to help fix this issue?

    Reply

  14. Do you have a spam issue on this website; I also am a blogger, and I was wanting to know your situation; we have developed some nice methods and we are looking to swap methods with other folks, be sure to shoot me an e-mail if interested.

    Reply

  16. I’m really enjoying the design and layout of your site. It’s a very easy on the eyes which makes it much more enjoyable for me to come here and visit more often. Did you hire out a designer to create your theme? Superb work!

    Reply

  19. Great ?V I should definitely pronounce, impressed with your website. I had no trouble navigating through all the tabs and related information ended up being truly easy to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it at all. Reasonably unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or something, website theme . a tones way for your client to communicate. Excellent task..

    Reply

  21. I believe that is among the so much important info for me. And i’m happy studying your article. However want to observation on few common issues, The web site taste is perfect, the articles is actually great : D. Good process, cheers

    Reply

  23. Hi there! This post couldn’t be written any better! Reading through this post reminds me of my previous room mate! He always kept talking about this. I will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Thank you for sharing!

    Reply

  26. Unquestionably believe that which you stated. Your favorite reason appeared to be on the internet the simplest thing to understand of. I say to you, I certainly get annoyed at the same time as folks think about concerns that they just do not understand about. You controlled to hit the nail upon the top and also outlined out the entire thing without having side effect , other folks could take a signal. Will probably be again to get more. Thanks

    Reply

  32. Hey! This is kind of off topic but I need some help from an established blog. Is it tough to set up your own blog? I’m not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty fast. I’m thinking about setting up my own but I’m not sure where to start. Do you have any points or suggestions? Many thanks

    Reply

  41. Thanks for discussing your ideas. I might also like to express that video games have been actually evolving. Modern tools and innovations have assisted create reasonable and fun games. These types of entertainment games were not really sensible when the concept was being tried. Just like other kinds of know-how, video games also have had to develop as a result of many years. This is testimony towards the fast progression of video games.

    Reply

  43. I was just seeking this information for some time. After six hours of continuous Googleing, at last I got it in your web site. I wonder what is the lack of Google strategy that don’t rank this type of informative web sites in top of the list. Usually the top websites are full of garbage.

    Reply

  44. Thanks for sharing your ideas. A very important factor is that students have an alternative between national student loan and a private student loan where it can be easier to go with student loan debt consolidation loan than over the federal education loan.

    Reply

  46. Thanks for the suggestions you have shared here. In addition, I believe there are many factors that will keep your motor insurance premium all the way down. One is, to consider buying motors that are inside the good report on car insurance organizations. Cars that are expensive are more at risk of being lost. Aside from that insurance is also depending on the value of your vehicle, so the higher in price it is, then higher a premium you spend.

    Reply

  48. Whats up very cool site!! Man .. Beautiful .. Superb .. I will bookmark your blog and take the feeds additionally?I am satisfied to search out numerous useful info right here in the submit, we’d like develop extra techniques in this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .

    Reply

  50. Together with every thing that seems to be developing within this particular subject material, a significant percentage of points of view happen to be relatively stimulating. However, I appologize, because I do not give credence to your entire plan, all be it radical none the less. It seems to me that your remarks are generally not completely validated and in reality you are yourself not even totally confident of the argument. In any case I did enjoy reading through it.

    Reply

  53. It’s perfect time to make some plans for the future and it’s time to be happy. I’ve read this post and if I could I desire to suggest you some interesting things or advice. Maybe you could write next articles referring to this article. I wish to read even more things about it!

    Reply

  55. One thing I’d like to touch upon is that fat reduction plan fast can be performed by the perfect diet and exercise. A person’s size not only affects appearance, but also the actual quality of life. Self-esteem, depression, health risks, and also physical skills are damaged in fat gain. It is possible to make everything right and at the same time having a gain. If this happens, a problem may be the reason. While excessive food and not enough body exercise are usually at fault, common health concerns and popular prescriptions can easily greatly amplify size. Thx for your post here.

    Reply

  56. Great blog post. Some tips i would like to contribute is that pc memory has to be purchased should your computer is unable to cope with what you do by using it. One can deploy two random access memory boards of 1GB each, in particular, but not certainly one of 1GB and one having 2GB. One should always check the maker’s documentation for one’s PC to be certain what type of storage is necessary.

    Reply

  57. Thanks for sharing your ideas on this blog. In addition, a myth regarding the banking companies intentions if talking about property foreclosure is that the standard bank will not take my installments. There is a fair bit of time in which the bank will need payments in some places. If you are too deep inside hole, they may commonly call that you pay the actual payment completely. However, that doesn’t mean that they will have any sort of repayments at all. In the event you and the bank can have the ability to work something out, this foreclosure practice may stop. However, if you ever continue to neglect payments beneath new strategy, the foreclosure process can just pick up where it left off.

    Reply

  64. One other issue is that if you are in a predicament where you do not have a co-signer then you may really want to try to make use of all of your educational funding options. You will find many grants or loans and other grants that will offer you funding to help you with classes expenses. Many thanks for the post.

    Reply

  66. obviously like your web-site but you need to check the spelling on quite a few of your posts. Several of them are rife with spelling problems and I find it very troublesome to tell the truth nevertheless I will definitely come back again.

    Reply

  68. I have been browsing online more than 3 hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours. It is pretty worth enough for me. In my view, if all webmasters and bloggers made good content as you did, the internet will be much more useful than ever before.

    Reply

  72. I loved as much as you will receive carried out right here. The sketch is tasteful, your authored subject matter stylish. nonetheless, you command get bought an impatience over that you wish be delivering the following. unwell unquestionably come more formerly again since exactly the same nearly very often inside case you shield this hike.

    Reply

  73. I have mastered some new elements from your site about personal computers. Another thing I have always assumed is that computer systems have become something that each home must have for many reasons. They offer convenient ways in which to organize the home, pay bills, search for information, study, pay attention to music and in many cases watch tv series. An innovative technique to complete most of these tasks is to use a laptop. These computer systems are portable ones, small, potent and mobile.

    Reply

  74. Thanks for your post. I also think that laptop computers are becoming more and more popular currently, and now in many cases are the only kind of computer utilized in a household. This is due to the fact that at the same time that they are becoming more and more very affordable, their working power keeps growing to the point where they can be as strong as desktop computers through just a few years back.

    Reply

  76. Just desire to say your article is as surprising. The clearness in your post is just excellent and i could assume you are an expert on this subject. Fine with your permission let me to grab your feed to keep updated with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please continue the gratifying work.

    Reply

  77. I’ve been surfing online greater than 3 hours lately, but I by no means discovered any fascinating article like yours. It?s pretty worth enough for me. In my opinion, if all site owners and bloggers made excellent content material as you did, the web will be a lot more helpful than ever before.

    Reply

  78. Magnificent beat ! I wish to apprentice while you amend your site, how can i subscribe for a blog website? The account aided me a acceptable deal. I had been tiny bit acquainted of this your broadcast offered bright clear concept

    Reply

  80. An added important component is that if you are a senior citizen, travel insurance intended for pensioners is something you should make sure you really look at. The mature you are, a lot more at risk you will be for getting something poor happen to you while in another country. If you are not necessarily covered by a few comprehensive insurance policy, you could have several serious troubles. Thanks for revealing your guidelines on this web blog.

    Reply

  83. I have noticed that in digital cameras, special receptors help to {focus|concentrate|maintain focus|target|a**** automatically. Those kind of sensors regarding some camcorders change in in the area of contrast, while others work with a beam involving infra-red (IR) light, specially in low lighting. Higher standards cameras from time to time use a mixture of both programs and probably have Face Priority AF where the photographic camera can ‘See’ any face and concentrate only on that. Many thanks for sharing your thinking on this blog.

    Reply

  84. I’ve really noticed that fixing credit activity really needs to be conducted with techniques. If not, you will probably find yourself endangering your standing. In order to grow into success fixing your credit ranking you have to make sure that from this second you pay all your monthly dues promptly in advance of their booked date. It is really significant given that by definitely not accomplishing that, all other measures that you will decide to try to improve your credit position will not be successful. Thanks for sharing your tips.

    Reply

  85. Thanks for your short article. I would love to say that a health insurance specialist also utilizes the benefit of the particular coordinators of a group insurance. The health insurance broker is given an index of benefits wanted by a person or a group coordinator. What any broker really does is try to find individuals or perhaps coordinators which will best match up those demands. Then he reveals his suggestions and if both sides agree, this broker formulates legal contract between the 2 parties.

    Reply

  86. Thanks for helping me to obtain new strategies about pcs. I also contain the belief that one of the best ways to maintain your notebook in prime condition is by using a hard plastic-type material case, as well as shell, that suits over the top of your computer. These kind of protective gear will be model targeted since they are made to fit perfectly across the natural covering. You can buy these directly from the vendor, or from third party places if they are intended for your laptop computer, however not every laptop may have a spend on the market. Once more, thanks for your points.

    Reply

  87. Thanks for your article. One other thing is that often individual states in the United states of america have their own laws in which affect house owners, which makes it quite hard for the Congress to come up with a fresh set of recommendations concerning foreclosures on homeowners. The problem is that each state offers own legislation which may work in an unwanted manner with regards to foreclosure insurance policies.

    Reply

  95. Thanks for your post. What I want to say is that while looking for a good on the internet electronics go shopping, look for a web site with full information on key elements such as the personal privacy statement, safety details, payment options, and various terms plus policies. Often take time to read the help along with FAQ pieces to get a greater idea of what sort of shop is effective, what they can do for you, and how you can make use of the features.

    Reply

  97. I loved as much as you will receive carried out right here. The sketch is attractive, your authored subject matter stylish. nonetheless, you command get bought an shakiness over that you wish be delivering the following. unwell unquestionably come more formerly again as exactly the same nearly a lot often inside case you shield this increase.

    Reply

  99. Thanks for these guidelines. One thing I also believe is the fact credit cards giving a 0 rate often bait consumers along with zero monthly interest, instant authorization and easy on the web balance transfers, nevertheless beware of the main factor that is going to void that 0 easy road annual percentage rate as well as throw anybody out into the poor house quick.

    Reply

  105. Thanks for your suggestions. One thing I have noticed is that often banks and financial institutions really know the spending practices of consumers while also understand that a lot of people max outside their cards around the vacations. They correctly take advantage of this kind of fact and then start flooding the inbox plus snail-mail box along with hundreds of no interest APR credit cards offers right after the holiday season closes. Knowing that should you be like 98 of the American open public, you’ll soar at the one opportunity to consolidate credit debt and transfer balances for 0 APR credit cards.

    Reply

  107. I have come to understand that expenses for internet degree pros tend to be an awesome value. For instance a full 4-year college Degree in Communication with the University of Phoenix Online consists of Sixty credits from $515/credit or $30,900. Also American Intercontinental University Online comes with a Bachelors of Business Administration with a entire school feature of 180 units and a tuition fee of $30,560. Online degree learning has made getting your education been so detailed more than before because you can easily earn your own degree from the comfort of your house and when you finish working. Thanks for all tips I’ve learned through the web site.

    Reply

  110. A few things i have seen in terms of laptop or computer memory is that there are technical specs such as SDRAM, DDR and the like, that must fit in with the technical specs of the mother board. If the computer’s motherboard is rather current while there are no operating-system issues, upgrading the ram literally normally takes under 1 hour. It’s one of the easiest laptop or computer upgrade types of procedures one can imagine. Thanks for expressing your ideas.

    Reply

  111. I loved up to you’ll obtain performed right here. The sketch is attractive, your authored subject matter stylish. nonetheless, you command get bought an edginess over that you wish be turning in the following. in poor health undoubtedly come more until now once more as precisely the same just about very continuously inside case you protect this hike.

    Reply

  113. One other important component is that if you are a senior, travel insurance regarding pensioners is something you need to really consider. The elderly you are, the greater at risk you’re for permitting something bad happen to you while in foreign countries. If you are definitely not covered by a number of comprehensive insurance cover, you could have a few serious problems. Thanks for expressing your suggestions on this blog.

    Reply

  117. I do enjoy the way you have presented this issue and it really does give me personally a lot of fodder for consideration. Nevertheless, coming from everything that I have witnessed, I simply trust as the actual comments pack on that people today stay on point and in no way get started on a tirade associated with the news du jour. Yet, thank you for this excellent point and though I can not go along with it in totality, I respect your standpoint.

    Reply

  119. Thanks for your interesting article. One other problem is that mesothelioma cancer is generally the result of the breathing of fibres from asbestos, which is a dangerous material. It is commonly found among personnel in the structure industry who’ve long contact with asbestos. It is also caused by residing in asbestos protected buildings for a long time of time, Family genes plays a huge role, and some persons are more vulnerable for the risk in comparison with others.

    Reply

  123. I have mastered some important things through your site post. One other point I would like to say is that there are many games out there designed specifically for toddler age kids. They incorporate pattern identification, colors, wildlife, and shapes. These commonly focus on familiarization in lieu of memorization. This makes little children occupied without having a sensation like they are learning. Thanks

    Reply

  124. Somebody essentially help to make seriously articles I would state. This is the very first time I frequented your web page and thus far? I amazed with the research you made to make this particular publish extraordinary. Wonderful job!

    Reply

  126. Thank you a bunch for sharing this with all of us you really realize what you’re speaking approximately! Bookmarked. Kindly also talk over with my site =). We could have a hyperlink exchange agreement among us!

    Reply

  132. Wonderful work! That is the type of info that are meant to be shared around the net. Disgrace on Google for no longer positioning this publish higher! Come on over and discuss with my website . Thank you =)

    Reply

  133. Pretty nice post. I just stumbled upon your weblog and wanted to say that I’ve truly enjoyed surfing around your blog posts. In any case I will be subscribing to your rss feed and I hope you write again soon!

    Reply

  134. Via my examination, shopping for technology online can for sure be expensive, nonetheless there are some tips that you can use to help you get the best bargains. There are constantly ways to discover discount deals that could help make one to buy the best technology products at the cheapest prices. Thanks for your blog post.

    Reply

  136. Nice post. I be taught one thing more difficult on totally different blogs everyday. It would always be stimulating to read content material from other writers and apply slightly something from their store. I?d desire to use some with the content material on my blog whether you don?t mind. Natually I?ll give you a hyperlink on your internet blog. Thanks for sharing.

    Reply

  139. I have realized that of all types of insurance, health care insurance is the most controversial because of the issue between the insurance policy company’s obligation to remain making money and the consumer’s need to have insurance plan. Insurance companies’ profits on wellbeing plans are very low, so some corporations struggle to make money. Thanks for the ideas you share through this web site.

    Reply

  140. I was just searching for this info for some time. After six hours of continuous Googleing, at last I got it in your website. I wonder what is the lack of Google strategy that do not rank this kind of informative sites in top of the list. Normally the top sites are full of garbage.

    Reply

  142. Thanks for discussing your ideas with this blog. Furthermore, a fable regarding the lenders intentions while talking about foreclosed is that the traditional bank will not getreceive my installments. There is a certain quantity of time which the bank requires payments in some places. If you are also deep inside the hole, they should commonly desire that you pay the actual payment 100 . However, i am not saying that they will not take any sort of installments at all. In the event you and the lender can manage to work some thing out, the particular foreclosure method may cease. However, when you continue to neglect payments under the new plan, the foreclosed process can pick up exactly where it left off.

    Reply

  143. You actually make it seem so easy with your presentation but I find this matter to be actually something that I think I would never understand. It seems too complex and extremely broad for me. I am looking forward for your next post, I?ll try to get the hang of it!

    Reply

  145. Wow! This can be one particular of the most useful blogs We have ever arrive across on this subject. Basically Fantastic. I am also an expert in this topic so I can understand your hard work.

    Reply

  146. Those are yours alright! . We at least need to get these people stealing images to start blogging! They probably just did a image search and grabbed them. They look good though!

    Reply

  147. Today, with the fast way of living that everyone leads, credit cards have a big demand throughout the economy. Persons throughout every field are using credit card and people who aren’t using the card have made arrangements to apply for 1. Thanks for discussing your ideas about credit cards.

    Reply

  148. Thanks for your valuable post. Through the years, I have come to understand that the particular symptoms of mesothelioma cancer are caused by your build up associated fluid between the lining of the lung and the upper body cavity. The condition may start inside the chest spot and get distributed to other limbs. Other symptoms of pleural mesothelioma include losing weight, severe inhaling and exhaling trouble, nausea, difficulty taking in food, and inflammation of the neck and face areas. It must be noted that some people living with the disease do not experience any serious indications at all.

    Reply

  149. Thanks for the new stuff you have discovered in your writing. One thing I’d really like to touch upon is that FSBO relationships are built after a while. By releasing yourself to the owners the first weekend their FSBO is definitely announced, ahead of the masses get started calling on Wednesday, you produce a good association. By mailing them tools, educational elements, free accounts, and forms, you become an ally. Through a personal desire for them and also their problem, you develop a solid relationship that, many times, pays off when the owners decide to go with a real estate agent they know along with trust — preferably you.

    Reply

  150. Undeniably imagine that that you said. Your favourite justification seemed to be on the net the easiest factor to take into accout of. I say to you, I definitely get irked at the same time as folks think about concerns that they just don’t know about. You controlled to hit the nail upon the top and also outlined out the entire thing without having side-effects , folks could take a signal. Will likely be back to get more. Thank you

    Reply

  151. Thanks for expressing your ideas. The first thing is that scholars have a solution between government student loan and also a private education loan where it truly is easier to go for student loan debt consolidation loan than through the federal student loan.

    Reply

  153. There are certainly plenty of details like that to take into consideration. That is a great point to carry up. I provide the thoughts above as normal inspiration but clearly there are questions just like the one you bring up where the most important factor will be working in sincere good faith. I don?t know if greatest practices have emerged round things like that, but I am certain that your job is clearly identified as a fair game. Both girls and boys feel the impact of only a moment?s pleasure, for the remainder of their lives.

    Reply

  155. Абузоустойчивый сервер для работы с Хрумером, GSA и всевозможными скриптами!
    Есть дополнительная системах скидок, читайте описание в разделе оплата

    Высокоскоростной Интернет: До 1000 Мбит/с

    Скорость интернет-соединения играет решающую роль в успешной работе вашего проекта. Наши VPS/VDS серверы, поддерживающие Windows и Linux, обеспечивают доступ к интернету со скоростью до 1000 Мбит/с. Это гарантирует быструю загрузку веб-страниц и высокую производительность онлайн-приложений на обеих операционных системах.

    Итак, при выборе виртуального выделенного сервера VPS, обеспечьте своему проекту надежность, высокую производительность и защиту от DDoS. Получите доступ к качественной инфраструктуре с поддержкой Windows и Linux уже от 13 рублей

    Reply

  156. 일본배대지
    메인 서비스: 간편하고 효율적인 배송 및 구매 대행 서비스

    1. 대행 서비스 주요 기능
    메인 서비스는 고객이 한 번에 필요한 대행 서비스를 신청할 수 있도록 다양한 기능을 제공합니다.

    배송대행 신청: 국내외 상품 배송을 대신 처리하며, 효율적인 시스템으로 신속한 배송을 보장합니다.
    구매대행 신청: 원하는 상품을 대신 구매해주는 서비스로, 고객의 수고를 줄입니다.
    엑셀 대량 등록: 대량 상품을 엑셀로 손쉽게 등록 가능하여 상업 고객의 편의성을 증대합니다.
    재고 관리 신청: 창고 보관 및 재고 관리를 통해 물류 과정을 최적화합니다.
    2. 고객 지원 시스템
    메인 서비스는 사용자 친화적인 접근성을 제공합니다.

    유저 가이드: 대행 서비스를 더욱 합리적으로 사용할 수 있도록 세부 안내서를 제공합니다.
    운송장 조회: 일본 사가와 등 주요 운송사의 추적 시스템과 연동하여 운송 상황을 실시간으로 확인 가능합니다.
    3. 비용 안내와 부가 서비스
    비용 계산기: 예상되는 비용을 간편하게 계산해 예산 관리를 돕습니다.
    부가 서비스: 교환 및 반품, 폐기 및 검역 지원 등 추가적인 편의 서비스를 제공합니다.
    출항 스케줄 확인: 해외 배송의 경우 출항 일정을 사전에 확인 가능하여 배송 계획을 세울 수 있습니다.
    4. 공지사항
    기본 검수 공지
    무료 검수 서비스로 고객의 부담을 줄이며, 보다 철저한 검수가 필요한 경우 유료 정밀 검수 서비스를 권장합니다.

    수출허가서 발급 안내
    항공과 해운 수출 건에 대한 허가서를 효율적으로 발급받는 방법을 상세히 안내하며, 고객의 요청에 따라 이메일로 전달됩니다.

    노데이터 처리 안내
    운송장 번호 없는 주문에 대한 새로운 처리 방안을 도입하여, 노데이터 발생 시 관리비가 부과되지만 서비스 품질을 개선합니다.

    5. 고객과의 소통
    카카오톡 상담: 실시간 상담을 통해 고객의 궁금증을 해결합니다.
    공지사항 알림: 서비스 이용 중 필수 정보를 지속적으로 업데이트합니다.
    메인 서비스는 고객 만족을 최우선으로 하며, 지속적인 개선과 세심한 관리를 통해 최상의 경험을 제공합니다.

    Reply

Leave a Comment