Epidemiology

Rapid Diagnostic Test for Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar): Introduction, Principle, Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Clinical Significance and Keynnotes

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An InBiOS Detect rapid diagnostic test for Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) that appears to show two visible lines, which is consistent with a positive antibody result

Introduction The Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), often known as the rK39 test or Kalazar Detect™, is a specific, non-invasive immunochromatographic assay used to detect antibodies against Leishmania parasites in human serum or blood. Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) is a severe, potentially fatal …

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Multiplex Real-Time PCR in Infectious Disease Diagnostics: A New Era of Rapid and Comprehensive Detection

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The increasing burden of infectious diseases demands diagnostic solutions that are not only rapid but also highly sensitive and comprehensive. Conventional diagnostic methods often fall short due to time delays and limited pathogen coverage. In this context, multiplex real-time PCR technologies are revolutionizing infectious disease …

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Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM): Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

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Turbid growth of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM), Mycobacterium fortuitum in a Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT)

Introduction Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are a large group of over 190 species of mycobacteria that are present in the environment (soil and water). They do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy, and they are opportunistic pathogens, largely infecting individuals with pre-existing lung conditions, weakened immunity, or …

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Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) in Clinical Mycology-Introduction, Application, and Keynote

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Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) in Clinical Mycology-Introduction, Application, and Keynote

Introduction Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in Clinical Mycology is revolutionizing the diagnosis, typing, and antifungal resistance profiling of fungal pathogens. Application Here’s an overview of its applications: Candida spp.: Aspergillus spp.: CYP51A: Azole resistance due to mutations in ergosterol synthesis. Advantages of NGS in Clinical Mycology …

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Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis-Introduction, Types, and keynotes

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Acid fast bacilli of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in urine sediment

Introduction Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) affects areas outside the lungs. It impacts the lymph nodes, pleura, and bones. Patients often experience varied symptoms, depending on the affected site. Lymph node TB causes swelling, while bone TB results in pain. Pleural TB leads to chest pain and …

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Presence of Numerous Pus Cells Without Detectable Microbes in Gram-Stained Sputum: Introduction, Diagnostic Implications, and Clinical Considerations

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Presence of Numerous Pus Cells Without Detectable Microbes in Gram-Stained Sputum: Introduction, Diagnostic Implications, and Clinical Considerations

Introduction Gram staining is a routine diagnostic tool for respiratory infections. It reveals bacteria in sputum samples. Occasionally, Gram staining shows numerous pus cells but no microbes. This finding raises several clinical questions and concerns. Pus cells indicate an inflammatory response. They suggest a possible …

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Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Platforms-Introduction, Principle, Types, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Application, and Keynotes

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Introduction of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Platforms Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) has transformed the field of genomics and our understanding of the intricacies of the genome. Here’s a brief introduction to the topic: What is Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)? Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, is …

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Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)-Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Application, and Keynotes

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Introduction of Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) are a type of genetic variation found within the DNA of organisms, including humans. They were one of the earliest molecular techniques used for genetic analysis and have played a significant role in …

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