Introduction
Table of Contents
A citrate utilization test is the most commonly used routine biochemical test for Gram-negative rods in bacteriology for the identification of bacteria on the basis of citrate utilization. Klebsiella pneumoniae is the citrate utilization-positive organism while Escherichia coli is negative.
Principle of Citrate Utilization Test
A citrate utilization test is applied to determine the ability of a bacterium to utilize sodium citrate as its only carbon source and inorganic ammonium salts as its only nitrogen source. When the organisms metabolize citrate, the ammonium salt is disassociated with ammonia, which increases alkalinity turning the bromthymol blue indicator from green to blue.
Requirements for test
- Simmons citrate agar slant
- Cotton plug
- Sterile Inoculating wire/ sticks
- Test organism
- Bunsen burner
- Incubator
- Test tube rack
- Control strains ( Positive and negative controls for validation of the test)
Procedure of Citrate Test
- Streak the slant back and forth with a light inoculum picked from the midpart of a well-isolated colony.
- Put a cap or cotton plug loosely on the tube.
- Incubate the tube aerobically at 35°C to 37°C for 18 to 24 hours.
- Observe a color change from green to blue along the slant.
- Follow the above steps to control stains too.
Quality control
Quality Control strains used in citrate utilization test
Positive Control (PC)-Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883
Negative Control (NC)-Escherichia coli ATCC 25922
Observation
- Positive: Growth on the medium with color change from green to intense blue.
- Negative: Absence of growth and color change
Result and interpretation in citrate test
- Citrate utilization test positive: The growth will be visible on the slant surface and the medium will be an intense blue. The alkaline carbonates and bicarbonates produced as by-products of citrate catabolism raise the pH of the medium to above 7.6, causing the bromothymol blue to change from the original green color to blue.
- Citrate utilization test negative: Trace or no growth will be visible. No color change will occur; the medium will remain the green color of the uninoculated agar. Only bacteria that can utilize citrate as the sole carbon and energy source will be able to grow on the Simmons citrate medium, therefore a citrate utilization negative test culture will be virtually indistinguishable from an uninoculated slant.
- Uninoculated (UN): No growth and no color change; slant remains green
- Negative control: No growth and no color change; slant remains green
- Positive control: Growth with color change from green to intense blue along the slant
- Test organism/bacteria: Positive i.e. growth with color change from green to intense blue along the slant as shown in the footage.
Citrate Utilization Test Positive and Negative Bacteria List
| Citrate Positive Bacteria | Citrate Negative Bacteria |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Escherichia coli |
| Citrobacter freundii | Shigella species |
| Enterobacter cloacae | SalmonellaTyphi |
| Salmonella other than Typhi and Paratyphi A | Salmonella Paratyphi A |
| Serratia marcescens | Morganella morganii |
| Proteus mirabilis | Yersinia enterocolitica |
| Providencia alcalifaeciens | Edwardsiella tarda |
| Vibrio vulnificus | Vibrio holisae |
| Euringella Americana | |
| Achromobacter oxylosoxidans |
Citrate Test: variable (different strains give different results)
| Proteus vulgaris |
| Vibrio cholerae |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus |
Keynotes on Citrate utilization test
- Generally, incubate aerobically at 35°C to 37°C for 18 to 24 hours but if negative some organisms may require up to 4 days of incubation due to their limited rate of growth on citrate medium.
- Other methods of citrate utilization test available are-IMViC the test kit method and the API test kit method
- As we know, Escherichia coli is citrate utilization test negative; although uncommon, natural E. coli variants that are citrate positive have been isolated. Citrate-negative strains of E. aerogenes have also been found.
- Other media used for the citrate utilization test are Koser’s citrate and Christen’s citrate.
Koser’s citrate medium
- It is a liquid medium lacking agar.
- It is a medium without any indicator.
- A positive test is indicated by the presence of turbidity in the medium.
Christen’s citrate medium
- Same as the Simmons citrate medium in which the bromothymol blue indicator is replaced by phenol red.
Limitations of Citrate Test
The limitations of this test are as follows:
- Luxuriant growth on the slant without an accompanying color change may indicate a positive test. However, if the agar does not turn blue on further incubation, the test should be repeated with less inoculum.
- Do not stab the slant, since the test requires an aerobic environment.
- Do not inoculate from the broth culture, due to carryover of media.
- Tests with equivocal results should be repeated.
- To avoid false-positive reactions, use a light inoculum to prevent the carryover of t substances from the previous medium.
- The reaction of this medium alone is not sufficient for identification at the species level.
Bibliography
- Jean F. Mac Faddin Biochemical tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria
- Mackie and McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology-14th Edition
- Bailey’s and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology-13th Edition
- ASM Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook-2nd Edition
- Monica Cheesbrough Distinct Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries…2nd Edition
- Textbook of practical Microbiology – Subhash Chandra Parija
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隨著2024年的到來，娛樂城業界正經歷著一場革命性的變遷。這一年，娛樂城不僅僅是賭博和娛樂的代名詞，更成為了科技創新和用戶體驗的集大成者。
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其次，人工智能（AI）在娛樂城中的應用也達到了新高度。AI技術不僅用於增強遊戲的公平性和透明度，還在個性化玩家體驗方面發揮著重要作用。從個性化遊戲推薦到智能客服，AI的應用使得娛樂城更能滿足玩家的個別需求。
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С Домами АВС создайте свой уютный уголок, где каждый момент жизни будет наполнен радостью и удовлетворением
Understanding the processes and protocols within a Professional Tenure Committee (PTC) is crucial for faculty members. This Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) guide aims to address common queries related to PTC procedures, voting, and membership.
1. Why should members of the PTC fill out vote justification forms explaining their votes?
Vote justification forms provide transparency in decision-making. Members articulate their reasoning, fostering a culture of openness and ensuring that decisions are well-founded and understood by the academic community.
2. How can absentee ballots be cast?
To accommodate absentee voting, PTCs may implement secure electronic methods or designated proxy voters. This ensures that faculty members who cannot physically attend meetings can still contribute to decision-making processes.
3. How will additional members of PTCs be elected in departments with fewer than four tenured faculty members?
In smaller departments, creative solutions like rotating roles or involving faculty from related disciplines can be explored. Flexibility in election procedures ensures representation even in departments with fewer tenured faculty members.
4. Can a faculty member on OCSA or FML serve on a PTC?
Faculty members involved in other committees like the Organization of Committee on Student Affairs (OCSA) or Family and Medical Leave (FML) can serve on a PTC, but potential conflicts of interest should be carefully considered and managed.
5. Can an abstention vote be cast at a PTC meeting?
Yes, PTC members have the option to abstain from voting if they feel unable to take a stance on a particular matter. This allows for ethical decision-making and prevents uninformed voting.
6. What constitutes a positive or negative vote in PTCs?
A positive vote typically indicates approval or agreement, while a negative vote signifies disapproval or disagreement. Clear definitions and guidelines within each PTC help members interpret and cast their votes accurately.
7. What constitutes a quorum in a PTC?
A quorum, the minimum number of members required for a valid meeting, is essential for decision-making. Specific rules about quorum size are usually outlined in the PTC’s governing documents.
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Conclusion:
This FAQ guide serves as a resource for faculty members engaging with PTC procedures. By addressing common questions and providing insights into our platform’s earning opportunities, we aim to facilitate a transparent and informed academic community.
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Understanding the processes and protocols within a Professional Tenure Committee (PTC) is crucial for faculty members. This Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) guide aims to address common queries related to PTC procedures, voting, and membership.
1. Why should members of the PTC fill out vote justification forms explaining their votes?
Vote justification forms provide transparency in decision-making. Members articulate their reasoning, fostering a culture of openness and ensuring that decisions are well-founded and understood by the academic community.
2. How can absentee ballots be cast?
To accommodate absentee voting, PTCs may implement secure electronic methods or designated proxy voters. This ensures that faculty members who cannot physically attend meetings can still contribute to decision-making processes.
3. How will additional members of PTCs be elected in departments with fewer than four tenured faculty members?
In smaller departments, creative solutions like rotating roles or involving faculty from related disciplines can be explored. Flexibility in election procedures ensures representation even in departments with fewer tenured faculty members.
4. Can a faculty member on OCSA or FML serve on a PTC?
Faculty members involved in other committees like the Organization of Committee on Student Affairs (OCSA) or Family and Medical Leave (FML) can serve on a PTC, but potential conflicts of interest should be carefully considered and managed.
5. Can an abstention vote be cast at a PTC meeting?
Yes, PTC members have the option to abstain from voting if they feel unable to take a stance on a particular matter. This allows for ethical decision-making and prevents uninformed voting.
6. What constitutes a positive or negative vote in PTCs?
A positive vote typically indicates approval or agreement, while a negative vote signifies disapproval or disagreement. Clear definitions and guidelines within each PTC help members interpret and cast their votes accurately.
7. What constitutes a quorum in a PTC?
A quorum, the minimum number of members required for a valid meeting, is essential for decision-making. Specific rules about quorum size are usually outlined in the PTC’s governing documents.
Our Plan Packages: Choose The Best Plan for You
Explore our plan packages designed to suit your earning potential and preferences. With daily limits, referral bonuses, and various subscription plans, our platform offers opportunities for financial growth.
Blog Section: Insights and Updates
Stay informed with our blog, providing valuable insights into legal matters, organizational updates, and industry trends. Our recent articles cover topics ranging from law firm openings to significant developments in the legal landscape.
Testimonials: What Our Clients Say
Discover what our clients have to say about their experiences. Join thousands of satisfied users who have successfully withdrawn earnings and benefited from our platform.
Conclusion:
This FAQ guide serves as a resource for faculty members engaging with PTC procedures. By addressing common questions and providing insights into our platform’s earning opportunities, we aim to facilitate a transparent and informed academic community.
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Understanding the processes and protocols within a Professional Tenure Committee (PTC) is crucial for faculty members. This Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) guide aims to address common queries related to PTC procedures, voting, and membership.
1. Why should members of the PTC fill out vote justification forms explaining their votes?
Vote justification forms provide transparency in decision-making. Members articulate their reasoning, fostering a culture of openness and ensuring that decisions are well-founded and understood by the academic community.
2. How can absentee ballots be cast?
To accommodate absentee voting, PTCs may implement secure electronic methods or designated proxy voters. This ensures that faculty members who cannot physically attend meetings can still contribute to decision-making processes.
3. How will additional members of PTCs be elected in departments with fewer than four tenured faculty members?
In smaller departments, creative solutions like rotating roles or involving faculty from related disciplines can be explored. Flexibility in election procedures ensures representation even in departments with fewer tenured faculty members.
4. Can a faculty member on OCSA or FML serve on a PTC?
Faculty members involved in other committees like the Organization of Committee on Student Affairs (OCSA) or Family and Medical Leave (FML) can serve on a PTC, but potential conflicts of interest should be carefully considered and managed.
5. Can an abstention vote be cast at a PTC meeting?
Yes, PTC members have the option to abstain from voting if they feel unable to take a stance on a particular matter. This allows for ethical decision-making and prevents uninformed voting.
6. What constitutes a positive or negative vote in PTCs?
A positive vote typically indicates approval or agreement, while a negative vote signifies disapproval or disagreement. Clear definitions and guidelines within each PTC help members interpret and cast their votes accurately.
7. What constitutes a quorum in a PTC?
A quorum, the minimum number of members required for a valid meeting, is essential for decision-making. Specific rules about quorum size are usually outlined in the PTC’s governing documents.
Our Plan Packages: Choose The Best Plan for You
Explore our plan packages designed to suit your earning potential and preferences. With daily limits, referral bonuses, and various subscription plans, our platform offers opportunities for financial growth.
Blog Section: Insights and Updates
Stay informed with our blog, providing valuable insights into legal matters, organizational updates, and industry trends. Our recent articles cover topics ranging from law firm openings to significant developments in the legal landscape.
Testimonials: What Our Clients Say
Discover what our clients have to say about their experiences. Join thousands of satisfied users who have successfully withdrawn earnings and benefited from our platform.
Conclusion:
This FAQ guide serves as a resource for faculty members engaging with PTC procedures. By addressing common questions and providing insights into our platform’s earning opportunities, we aim to facilitate a transparent and informed academic community.
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外送茶是什麼？禁忌、價格、茶妹等級、術語等..老司機告訴你！
外送茶是什麼？
外送茶、外約、叫小姐是一樣的東西。簡單來說就是在通訊軟體與茶莊聯絡，選好自己喜歡的妹子後，茶莊會像送飲料這樣把妹子派送到您指定的汽車旅館、酒店、飯店等交易地點。您只需要在您指定的地點等待，妹妹到達後，就可以開心的開始一場美麗的約會。
外送茶種類
學生兼職的稱為清新書香茶
日本女孩稱為清涼綠茶
俄羅斯女孩被稱為金酥麻茶
韓國女孩稱為超細滑人參茶
外送茶價格
外送茶的客戶相當廣泛，包括中小企業主、自營商、醫生和各行業的精英，像是工程師等等。在台北和新北地區，他們的消費指數大約在 7000 到 10000 元之間，而在中南部則通常在 4000 到 8000 元之間。
對於一般上班族和藍領階層的客人來說，建議可以考慮稍微低消一點，比如在北部約 6000 元左右，中南部約 4000 元左右。這個價位的茶妹大多是新手兼職，但有潛力。
不同地區的客人可以根據自己的經濟能力和喜好選擇適合自己的價位範圍，以免感到不滿意。物價上漲是一個普遍現象，受到地區和經濟情況等因素的影響，茶莊的成本也在上升，因此價格調整是合理的。
外送茶外約流程
加入LINE：加入外送茶官方LINE，客服隨時為你服務。茶莊一般在中午 12 點到凌晨 3 點營業。
告知所在地區：聯絡客服後，告訴他們約會地點，他們會幫你快速找到附近的茶妹。
溝通閒聊：有任何約妹問題或需要查看妹妹資訊，都能得到詳盡的幫助。
提供預算：告訴客服你的預算，他們會找到最適合你的茶妹。
提早預約：提早預約比較好配合你的空檔時間，也不用怕到時候約不到你想要的茶妹。
外送茶術語
喝茶術語就像是進入茶道的第一步，就像是蓋房子打地基一樣。在這裡，我們將這些外送茶入門術語分類，讓大家能夠清楚地理解，讓喝茶變得更加容易上手。
魚：指的自行接客的小姐，不屬於任何茶莊。
茶：就是指「小姐」的意思，由茶莊安排接客。
定點茶：指由茶莊提供地點，客人再前往指定地點與小姐交易。
外送茶：指的是到小姐到客人指定地點接客。
個工：指的是有專屬工作室自己接客的小姐。
GTO：指雞頭也就是飯店大姊三七茶莊的意思。
摳客妹：只負責找客人請茶莊或代調找美眉。
內機：盤商應召站提供茶園的人。
經紀人：幫內機找美眉的人。
馬伕：外送茶司機又稱教練。
代調：收取固定代調費用的人（只針對同業）。
阿六茶：中國籍女子，賣春的大陸妹。
熱茶、熟茶：年齡比較大、年長、熟女級賣春者（或稱阿姨）。
燙口 / 高溫茶：賣春者年齡過高。
台茶：從事此職業的台灣小姐。
本妹：從事此職業的日本籍小姐。
金絲貓：西方國家的小姐（歐美的、金髮碧眼的那種）。
青茶、青魚：20 歲以下的賣春者。
乳牛：胸部很大的小姐（D 罩杯以上）。
龍、小叮噹、小叮鈴：體型比較肥、胖、臃腫、大隻的小姐。