Introduction of Czapek Dox Agar
Table of Contents
Czapek medium also called Czapek’s agar (CZA) from the surname of inventor Czech botanist Friedrich Johann Franz Czapek (1902-1903). Later CZA was modified by another American inventor, chemist Arthur Wayland Dox (1910) and thus its name became’ Czapek-Dox medium’ and formula prepared according to Thom and Church. It is recommended for use in qualitative procedures for the cultivation of saprophytic fungi and soil bacteria. The medium contains sucrose as the sole source of carbon and nitrate as the only inorganic source of nitrogen. Czapek Dox Agar (Modified) is an Oxoid modification that is called Oxoid Czapek Dox Agar. It contains magnesium glycerophosphate and potassium sulfate to replace the magnesium sulfate and potassium phosphate of the original. This modification prevents the precipitation of magnesium phosphate. The medium is also a highly satisfactory substrate for chlamydospore production by Candida albicans.
Czapek’s agar-Czapek-Dox Agar-Czapek Dox Agar (Modified)
Principle
Czapek -Dox Agar is a semisynthetic medium used for the cultivation of fungi, containing sodium nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen. Sucrose serves as the sole source of carbon while sodium nitrate serves as the sole source of nitrogen. Dipotassium phosphate buffers the medium. Magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, and ferrous sulfate serve as sources of essential ions. Agar acts as a solidifying agent. In modified Czapek Dox Agar, magnesium glycerophosphate and potassium sulfate replace the magnesium sulfate and potassium phosphate of the original which prevents the precipitation of magnesium phosphate and it is also a highly satisfactory substrate for chlamydospore production by Candida albicans.
Composition of Czapek Agar (original)
| Ingredients | Gm/Litre |
| Cane sugar | 30.0 |
| Monopotassium phosphate | 1.0 |
| magnesium sulfate | 0.5 |
| Potassium chloride | 0.5 |
| Iron sulfate | 0.01 |
| Distilled water (D/W) | 1000 ml |
Composition
| Ingredients | Gm/Litre |
| Sucrose | 30.0 |
| Sodium Nitrate | 2.0 |
| Dipotassium Phosphate | 1.0 |
| Magnesium Sulfate | 0.5 |
| Potassium Chloride | 0.5 |
| Ferrous Sulfate | 0.01 |
| Agar | 15.0 |
| Distilled Water(D/W) | 1000 ml |
| Final pH at 25ºC | 7.3 +/- 0.3 |
Composition of Czapek -Dox Agar (modified)
(Oxoid )
| Ingredients | Gm/Litre |
| Sodium nitrate | 2.0 |
| Potassium chloride | 0.5 |
| Magnesium glycerophosphate | 0.5 |
| Ferrous sulfate | 0.01 |
| Potassium sulfate | 0.35 |
| Sucrose | 30.0 |
| Agar | 12.0 |
| Distilled Water (D/W) | 1000 ml |
| Final pH@ 25°C | 6.8 ± 0.2 |
Preparation of Agar
- Suspend 49.01 grams of Czapek Dox Agar in 1 liter of purified/distilled or deionized water.
- Heat to boiling to dissolve the medium completely.
- Sterilize by autoclaving at 15 lbs pressure (121°C) for 15 minutes.
- After autoclaving, leave for cooling to 45-50°C.
- Mix well before dispensing.
- Pour Czapek Dox Agar into each plate and leave plates on the sterile surface until the agar has solidified.
- Store the plates in a refrigerator at 2-8°C.
Storage and Shelf life
- Store at 2-8ºC and away from direct light.
- Media should not be used if there are any signs of deterioration (shrinking, cracking, or discoloration), or contamination.
- The product is light and temperature-sensitive; protects from light, excessive heat, moisture, and freezing.
Test Requirements
- Test specimens ( samples or fungal growth)
- Inoculating loop
- Bunsen burner
- Incubator
- Control strains (For positive control: Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642, For negative control: Uninoculated medium)
- Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC)
Test procedure
- Allow the plates to warm at 37°C or to room temperature, and the agar surface to dry before inoculating.
- Take plates.
- Inoculate by spreading the sample material thinly on the surface of the culture medium.
- Incubate for up to 1 week at 28ºC. Optimal incubation temperatures are as follows: Penicillium species at 20-25ºC, Aspergillus species at 30ºC, and Candida species at 28ºC.
Result- Interpretation
Presence of yeast or mold or both: Fungal growth
Control strains-
Candida albicans: Luxuriant growth with cream-colored colonies
Aspergillus niger: Luxuriant growth with White/yellow mycelium, black spores
Uninoculated medium: No growth
Colony Characteristics of various organisms in This Medium
Aspergillus brasiliensis: Good growth
Candida albicans: Good growth; cream-colored colonies
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Good growth
Aspergillus niger: White/yellow mycelium, black spores
Aspergillus flavus: Macroscopic features: Colonies on Czapek Dox agar are granular, flat, often with radial grooves and yellow whereas microscopic features in LPCB preparation are globose to subglobose conidia ( 3-6 µm in size), septate hyphae, stipe, conidiophore, vesicle and phialides as shown above picture.
Aspergillus niger colony morphology on Czapek Dox Agar
Aspergillus flavus colony characteristics on Czapek Dox Agar
Aspergillus flavus growth on Czapek Dox Agar
Uses of Czapek -Dox Agar
The application of this medium is as follows-
- This medium is APHA’s ( American Public Health Association) recommended fungal medium for the isolation of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Paecilomyces, and some other fungi with similar physiological requirements.
- It is also recommended for the general cultivation of fungi from water samples.
- The medium is widely used for taxonomic studies of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and actinomycetes.
- Czapek-Dox Agar produces luxuriant growth of almost all saprophytic Aspergilli causing the organisms to produce characteristic mycelia and conidia.
- The acidity of the medium may be increased for the cultivation of acidophilic organisms such as yeasts.
- The medium is useful in a variety of microbiological procedures, including fungi and mildew resistance tests and soil microbiology testing.
- Oxoid Czapek Dox is the most satisfactory medium compared to rice infusion agar and corn meal agar for chlamydospore production by Candida albicans.
Keynotes
- Czapek-Dox Agar is recommended for use in cultivating fungi and bacteria capable of using inorganic nitrogen.
- Czapek and Dox did not add agar but many recipes add 15 g to make a solid medium.
- Most Penicillium species have an optimum growth temperature between 20° and 25°C, while many Aspergillus species grow best at about 30°C. However, different fungi grow over a wide range of temperatures; Aspergillus fumigatus grows well at 50°C and Cladosporium herbarium will grow on meat at -6°C.
Limitations of Czapek Dox Agar
- This medium is a general-purpose medium and may not support the growth of fastidious organisms.
- Further tests need colonies from pure culture for complete identification like biochemical, immunological, molecular, or mass spectrometry.
- Modification is preferred for two reasons, 1. due to the prevention of precipitation of magnesium phosphate and 2. chlamydospore production by Candida albicans.
Further Readings
- Medical Mycology. Editors: Emmons and Binford, 2nd ed 1970, Publisher Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
- Rippon’s JW: Medical Microbiology. The pathogenic fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes. 3rd ed 1988 Publisher WB Saunder co, Philadelphia.
- Clinical Microbiology Procedure Handbook, Chief in editor H.D. Isenberg, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Publisher ASM (American Society for Microbiology), Washington DC.
- A Text-Book of Medical Mycology. Editor: Jagdish Chander. Publication Mehata, India.
- Practical Laboratory Mycology. Editors: Koneman E.W. and G.D. Roberts, 3rd ed 1985, Publisher Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
- https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/Czapek-DoxAgar.html
- http://www.oxoid.com/uk/blue/prod_detail/prod_detail.asp?pr=CM0097
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czapek_medium
- http://www.himedialabs.com/TD/M075.pdf
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