Biochemical tests

HiCrome Candida Differential Agar: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirement, Procedure, Result-Interpretation, and Keynotes

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Various Candida species growth on HiCrome Candida Differential Agar after 4 days of incubation

Introduction HiCrome™ Candida Differential Agar is a specialized chromogenic medium used in clinical microbiology for the rapid isolation and presumptive identification of Candida species. The medium is designed to differentiate between major Candida species—Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei (Pichia kudriavzevii), and Candida glabrata—based on colony color and morphology within 48 hours. …

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Group D streptococci: Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

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Gram positive cocci in singles, pairs, and chains of Group D streptococci

Introduction Group D streptococci constitute a diverse group of bacteria found in humans. Furthermore, they inhabit the gastrointestinal tract reliably. They reside in the female genital tract, too. Moreover, they play a role in opportunistic infections frequently. They cause endocarditis in some patients. Additionally, they …

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Fungal Identification-Introduction, Conventional Method and MALDI TOF Method, Application, and Keynotes

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Conidia, phialides(sterigmata), metullae, and conidiophore of Penicillum in LPCB preparation of culture microscopic examination

Introduction Fungal identification plays a vital role in diagnosing infections. Mycologists use various methods to identify fungal species. Firstly, conventional techniques rely on morphology and culture characteristics. Additionally, molecular assays enhance detection accuracy. Researchers now employ advanced tools to expedite fungal identification. Moreover, timely identification …

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Entamoeba histolytica-Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynote

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Entamoeba histolytica-Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynote

Introduction Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite responsible for amoebic dysentery and amoebiasis. It primarily infects the intestinal tract, causing symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sometimes liver abscesses. The parasite has two forms: the infectious cyst and the trophozoite, which causes tissue damage. E. …

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Citrobacter werkmanii-Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynote

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Lactose fermenting colony of Citrobacter werkmanii

Introduction Citrobacter werkmanii is a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Citrobacter. It is commonly found in the environment, including soil, water, and sewage. This bacterium is part of the normal flora of the human intestinal tract but can act as an opportunistic pathogen. C. …

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Pantoea agglomerans-Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynote

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Pantoea agglomerans in Gram staining of culture

Introduction Pantoea agglomerans, a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacterium, belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Moreover, it is commonly found in soil, plants, and water. Interestingly, it plays a dual role as a plant symbiont and an opportunistic human pathogen. Additionally, P. agglomerans colonizes plant tissues and …

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Streptococcus gallolyticus – Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynote

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Streptococcus gallolytucus in a wet mount of culture microscopy at a magnification of 1600X

Introduction Streptococcus gallolyticus is a Gram-positive bacterium. It belongs to the Streptococcus bovis group. This bacterium often inhabits the gastrointestinal tract. S. gallolyticus can cause endocarditis and bacteremia. Moreover, it is associated with colorectal cancer. Researchers use it to study host-pathogen interactions. Identifying S. gallolyticus …

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Staphylococcus epidermidis- Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

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Staphylococcus epidermis growth on blood agar

Introduction Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common, coagulase-negative bacterium found on human skin and mucous membranes. It is part of the normal human flora. However, it can cause infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Notably, it is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. These infections often occur …

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