GNB

Klebsiella aerogenes : Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

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Klebsiella aerogenes colony morphology on CLED agar after 24 hours of incubation

Introduction Klebsiella aerogenes (formerly Enterobacter aerogenes) is an opportunistic Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacterium responsible for serious healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), including bloodstream infections and pneumonia. It is highly associated with antibiotic resistance (including XDR strains) and poor clinical outcomes.  Morphology Pathogenicity & Virulence Factors Lab Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Keynotes …

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VITEK MS Prime: Introduction, Principle, Components, Procedure, Result -Interpretation, Application, and Keynotes

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VITEK MS Prime Introduction, Principle, Components, Procedure, Result -Interpretation, Application, and Keynotes

Introduction The VITEK MS PRIME is a benchtop, high-throughput automated identification system that works on the principle of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. It is applicable to enhance laboratory workflow for the rapid identification of microbes like bacteria, yeasts, molds, and mycobacteria.  Principle …

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Lactococcus garvieae: Introduction, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

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Gram positive cocci of Lactococcus garvieae in Gram staining of repeated culture at a magnification of 4000X

Introduction Lactococcus garvieae is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming coccus, typically arranged in pairs or short chains. It belongs to the lactic acid bacteria group and is well known as a major pathogen in fish (lactococcosis). In humans, it is an emerging opportunistic pathogen, increasingly recognized …

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Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) Gram stain: Introduction, Report-Interpretation, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

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Gram negative cocobacilli in Gram staining of BAL and pus cells

Introduction Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a diagnostic procedure used to collect specimens from the lower respiratory tract, particularly from the alveolar spaces. It is performed by instilling sterile saline into a segment of the lung via a bronchoscope and then aspirating it back. Gram staining …

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Acinetobacter ursingii: Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynote

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Introduction Acinetobacter ursingii is a Gram-negative, non-fermentative, opportunistic bacterium belonging to the genus Acinetobacter. It is an uncommon species compared to Acinetobacter baumannii, but it has been increasingly recognized in healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Reported cases include bacteremia, septicemia, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections, …

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Biphasic Medium in Microbiology: Introduction, Application, Merit, Demerits, and Keynotes

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Biphasic Medium having bacterial growth

Introduction A biphasic medium is a culture system that combines both liquid (broth) and solid (agar) phases in the same container (usually a bottle or tube). It is designed to enhance microbial recovery by leveraging the advantages of both media types in one setup. Applications …

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Acinetobacter baumannii-Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

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Acinetobacter baumannii in Gram staining of sputum

Introduction Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative, non-fermenting, aerobic coccobacillus. It is an opportunistic pathogen increasingly associated with nosocomial infections, particularly in critically ill or immunocompromised patients. Notorious for its antibiotic resistance, it has become a major global health concern, particularly in ICU settings. Morphology Pathogenicity …

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Small Colony Variants: Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

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Small Colony Variants on CLED agar

Introduction Small Colony Variants (SCVs) are a subpopulation of bacteria that grow slowly and form unusually small colonies on culture media. They are most commonly described in Staphylococcus aureus, but also occur in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. SCVs are associated with chronic, …

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