Introduction Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory pathogen that affects children and older adults. Additionally, it belongs to the Paramyxoviridae…
Introduction Gram staining is a routine diagnostic tool for respiratory infections. It reveals bacteria in sputum samples. Occasionally, Gram staining…
Introduction Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a blood protein that functions as a protease inhibitor, particularly protecting the lungs from damage…
Introduction Gardnerella vaginalis is a Gram-variable bacterium that is considered to be a facultative anaerobe, meaning it can survive in…
Introduction Chlamydia pneumoniae, also known as Chlamydophila pneumoniae, is a species of bacteria that belongs to the Chlamydiaceae family. It…
Introduction Burkholderia cepacia is a species of gram-negative bacteria within the Burkholderia genus. It is a versatile and opportunistic pathogen…