Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test
Table of Contents
The triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar test is a combo test and is useful for the identification of mainly gram-negative bacteria, on the basis of the following tests-
- fermenter or oxidizer or non-utilizer of carbohydrates like glucose, lactose, or sucrose
- production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
- formation of gas

Composition of Triple Sugar Iron Agar
Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSI) (Oxoid, England)
Ingredients | gm/liter |
Lab-lemco powder | 3.0 |
Yeast Extract | 3.0 |
Peptone | 20.0 |
Lactose | 10.0 |
Sucrose | 10.0 |
Glucose | 1.0 |
Ferric Citrate | 0.3 |
Sodium Chloride | 5.0 |
Sodium Thiosulphate | 0.3 |
Phenol Red | 0.024 |
Agar | 12.0 |
Final pH (at 25ºC) | 7.4±0.2 |
Preparation of Triple Sugar Iron Agar
- Dissolve 65.0 grams of the medium in 1000 ml of distilled water.
- Sterilize by autoclaving at 115ºC pressure for 15 minutes.
- Allow the medium to set in slope form with a butt about 2.5 inches in length as shown above image.
Principle of Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar Test
The Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar contains casein and meat peptones, phenol red as the pH indicator, 0.1% glucose, 1% lactose, and 1% sucrose for fermentation. Ferric or ferrous ions and sodium Thiosulphate are present to detect hydrogen Sulphide production. Organisms that are non-lactose fermenting initially produce a yellow slant due to the production of acid from glucose. The small amount of glucose is rapidly depleted. Oxidative metabolism continues in the slant after the low concentration of glucose has been depleted, producing an alkaline pH from the aerobic breakdown of peptone; the slant turns red. There is no oxygen penetration into the butt and no oxidative metabolism; the butt remains acid and yellow.
Thus, a non-lactose fermenting organism yields an alkaline (K) slant over an acid (A) butt (K/A); red slant; yellow butt). Lactose fermenting and/or sucrose-fermenting bacteria continue to produce a large amount of acid in the slant and butt so the reaction in both remains acid (A/A; yellow slant; yellow butt). If the slant and butt remain neutral, the organism is not capable of fermenting glucose or other sugars (K/K; red slant; red butt). Gas production from sugar fermentation is indicated by bubbles, the fracturing of the medium, or displacement of the medium. Hydrogen Sulfide is produced by the action of the bacteria with sodium Thiosulphate. This is detected by the reduction of ferric ions to produce a black precipitate.
Test Requirements
- TSI agar
- Test organisms (bacteria)
- BOD Incubator
- Inoculating loop and bunsen burner
- Control strains
Procedure of Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test
- Stab and streak the test organism on the surface of TSI.
- Incubate at 37ºC for 24 hours.
- Acid production limited only to the butt region of the tube is indicative of glucose utilization, while acid production in the slant and butt indicates sucrose or lactose fermentation.
Result and interpretation of Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test
- Yellow (Acid)/ Yellow (Acid), Gas, H2S: Lactose/Sucrose fermenter, H2S producer.
- Red (Alkaline)/ Yellow (Acid), No gas, No H2S: Only Glucose, not Lactose/Sucrose fermenter, anaerogenic, No H2S production.
- Red (Alkaline)/ No change: Glucose, Lactose, and Sucrose Non-fermenter.
- Yellow (Acid)/ No change: Glucose oxidizer
- No change/No change: Non-fermenter.
Limitations of the TSI Test
- Do not read the TSI test before 18 hours, since false readings of acid in the slant may result.
- H2S production may on be inhibited on the TSI test for organisms that utilize sucrose and suppress the enzyme mechanism that results in the production of H2S.
- Sulfide indole motility (SIM) agar is more sensitive in the detection of H2S than either TSI or KIA.
Keynotes
- Kligler’s Iron Agar (KIA) test only differs from the Triple Sugar Iron agar (TSI) test due to lacking sucrose in its composition.
- Do not attempt to interpret sugar fermentation reactions after 24 hours. Refrigerate tubes if the reading will be delayed.
- If desired, extend incubation only to detect H2Sproduction. Campylobacter may take 3 days the production of H2S.
TSI Test Footages
Escherichia coli in TSI agar

Klebsiella pneumoniae TSI test

Acinetobacter TSI reaction

Proteus in TSI agar

Salmonella Typhi Biochemical Reaction

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in TSI medium

Further Readings
- Cowan & Steel’s Manual for identification of Medical Bacteria. Editors: G.I. Barron & R.K. Felthani, 3rd ed 1993, Publisher Cambridge University Press.
- Clinical Microbiology Procedure Handbook, Chief in editor H.D. Isenberg, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Publisher ASM (American Society for Microbiology), Washington DC.
- Colour Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. Editors: Koneman E.W., Allen D.D., Dowell V.R. Jr, and Sommers H.M.
- Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology. Editors: Bettey A. Forbes, Daniel F. Sahm & Alice S. Weissfeld, 12th ed 2007, Publisher Elsevier.
- Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology. Editors: Geo. F. Brook, Janet S. Butel & Stephen A. Morse, 21st ed 1998, Publisher Appleton & Lance, Co Stamford Connecticut.
- Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. Editors: Connie R. Mahon, Donald G. Lehman & George Manuselis, 3rd edition2007, Publisher Elsevier.
- Mackie and Mc Cartney Practical Medical Microbiology. Editors: J.G. Colle, A.G. Fraser, B.P. Marmion, A. Simmous, 4th ed, Publisher Churchill Living Stone, New York, Melbourne, Sans Francisco 1996.
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外送茶的客戶相當廣泛,包括中小企業主、自營商、醫生和各行業的精英,像是工程師等等。在台北和新北地區,他們的消費指數大約在 7000 到 10000 元之間,而在中南部則通常在 4000 到 8000 元之間。
對於一般上班族和藍領階層的客人來說,建議可以考慮稍微低消一點,比如在北部約 6000 元左右,中南部約 4000 元左右。這個價位的茶妹大多是新手兼職,但有潛力。
不同地區的客人可以根據自己的經濟能力和喜好選擇適合自己的價位範圍,以免感到不滿意。物價上漲是一個普遍現象,受到地區和經濟情況等因素的影響,茶莊的成本也在上升,因此價格調整是合理的。
外送茶外約流程
加入LINE:加入外送茶官方LINE,客服隨時為你服務。茶莊一般在中午 12 點到凌晨 3 點營業。
告知所在地區:聯絡客服後,告訴他們約會地點,他們會幫你快速找到附近的茶妹。
溝通閒聊:有任何約妹問題或需要查看妹妹資訊,都能得到詳盡的幫助。
提供預算:告訴客服你的預算,他們會找到最適合你的茶妹。
提早預約:提早預約比較好配合你的空檔時間,也不用怕到時候約不到你想要的茶妹。
外送茶術語
喝茶術語就像是進入茶道的第一步,就像是蓋房子打地基一樣。在這裡,我們將這些外送茶入門術語分類,讓大家能夠清楚地理解,讓喝茶變得更加容易上手。
魚:指的自行接客的小姐,不屬於任何茶莊。
茶:就是指「小姐」的意思,由茶莊安排接客。
定點茶:指由茶莊提供地點,客人再前往指定地點與小姐交易。
外送茶:指的是到小姐到客人指定地點接客。
個工:指的是有專屬工作室自己接客的小姐。
GTO:指雞頭也就是飯店大姊三七茶莊的意思。
摳客妹:只負責找客人請茶莊或代調找美眉。
內機:盤商應召站提供茶園的人。
經紀人:幫內機找美眉的人。
馬伕:外送茶司機又稱教練。
代調:收取固定代調費用的人(只針對同業)。
阿六茶:中國籍女子,賣春的大陸妹。
熱茶、熟茶:年齡比較大、年長、熟女級賣春者(或稱阿姨)。
燙口 / 高溫茶:賣春者年齡過高。
台茶:從事此職業的台灣小姐。
本妹:從事此職業的日本籍小姐。
金絲貓:西方國家的小姐(歐美的、金髮碧眼的那種)。
青茶、青魚:20 歲以下的賣春者。
乳牛:胸部很大的小姐(D 罩杯以上)。
龍、小叮噹、小叮鈴:體型比較肥、胖、臃腫、大隻的小姐。
crypto address lookup
Overview of Crypto Transaction Validation and Conformity Services
In the current cryptocurrency market, maintaining transaction transparency and compliance with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and KYC regulations is crucial. Following is an summary of well-known platforms that provide solutions for digital asset transfer tracking, verification, and fund protection.
1. Tokenmetrics.com
Summary: Token Metrics provides crypto evaluation to evaluate potential scam risks. This service allows users to check cryptocurrencies prior to investment to avoid potentially fraudulent holdings. Attributes:
– Risk evaluation.
– Perfect for holders looking to steer clear of questionable or fraud assets.
2. Metamask Monitor Center
Description: Metamask.Monitory.Center permits users to check their crypto holdings for questionable actions and standard compliance. Features:
– Verifies tokens for purity.
– Provides alerts about likely asset restrictions on particular platforms.
– Delivers detailed results after wallet linking.
3. Best Change
Description: Best Change is a site for tracking and validating digital trade transactions, guaranteeing clarity and transfer protection. Benefits:
– Deal and holding observation.
– Restriction screening.
– Web-based interface; accommodates BTC and several other coins.
4. Bot amlchek
Description: AMLchek is a portfolio tracker and compliance compliance tool that uses artificial intelligence methods to find dubious activity. Advantages:
– Transfer monitoring and user verification.
– Available via internet and chat bot.
– Compatible with cryptocurrencies like BSC, BTC, DOGE, and additional.
5. AlphaBit
Summary: AlphaBit provides complete anti-money laundering solutions tailored for the digital currency field, supporting companies and banks in maintaining compliance adherence. Advantages:
– Extensive compliance tools and screenings.
– Meets modern security and compliance guidelines.
6. Node AML
Description: AMLNode offers anti-money laundering and identification services for crypto companies, such as transaction tracking, compliance checks, and risk assessment. Highlights:
– Threat assessment solutions and compliance screenings.
– Valuable for ensuring protected company activities.
7. Btrace.io
Description: Btrace.AMLcrypto.io specializes in asset verification, offering transaction observation, sanctions evaluations, and support if you are a victim of theft. Benefits:
– Effective assistance for fund recovery.
– Transfer monitoring and safety options.
Dedicated USDT Verification Services
Our site also evaluates multiple sites offering check services for Tether transactions and holdings:
– **USDT TRC20 and ERC20 Check:** Many sites support detailed checks for USDT transfers, helping in the detection of doubtful activity.
– **AML Verification for USDT:** Options are provided for observing for money laundering activities.
– **“Cleanliness” Validation for Accounts:** Checking of transfer and account legitimacy is offered to identify likely dangers.
**Conclusion**
Finding the best tool for verifying and monitoring crypto deals is important for guaranteeing security and compliance conformity. By reading our recommendations, you can select the ideal tool for transaction observation and resource security.
일본배대지
메인 서비스: 간편하고 효율적인 배송 및 구매 대행 서비스
1. 대행 서비스 주요 기능
메인 서비스는 고객이 한 번에 필요한 대행 서비스를 신청할 수 있도록 다양한 기능을 제공합니다.
배송대행 신청: 국내외 상품 배송을 대신 처리하며, 효율적인 시스템으로 신속한 배송을 보장합니다.
구매대행 신청: 원하는 상품을 대신 구매해주는 서비스로, 고객의 수고를 줄입니다.
엑셀 대량 등록: 대량 상품을 엑셀로 손쉽게 등록 가능하여 상업 고객의 편의성을 증대합니다.
재고 관리 신청: 창고 보관 및 재고 관리를 통해 물류 과정을 최적화합니다.
2. 고객 지원 시스템
메인 서비스는 사용자 친화적인 접근성을 제공합니다.
유저 가이드: 대행 서비스를 더욱 합리적으로 사용할 수 있도록 세부 안내서를 제공합니다.
운송장 조회: 일본 사가와 등 주요 운송사의 추적 시스템과 연동하여 운송 상황을 실시간으로 확인 가능합니다.
3. 비용 안내와 부가 서비스
비용 계산기: 예상되는 비용을 간편하게 계산해 예산 관리를 돕습니다.
부가 서비스: 교환 및 반품, 폐기 및 검역 지원 등 추가적인 편의 서비스를 제공합니다.
출항 스케줄 확인: 해외 배송의 경우 출항 일정을 사전에 확인 가능하여 배송 계획을 세울 수 있습니다.
4. 공지사항
기본 검수 공지
무료 검수 서비스로 고객의 부담을 줄이며, 보다 철저한 검수가 필요한 경우 유료 정밀 검수 서비스를 권장합니다.
수출허가서 발급 안내
항공과 해운 수출 건에 대한 허가서를 효율적으로 발급받는 방법을 상세히 안내하며, 고객의 요청에 따라 이메일로 전달됩니다.
노데이터 처리 안내
운송장 번호 없는 주문에 대한 새로운 처리 방안을 도입하여, 노데이터 발생 시 관리비가 부과되지만 서비스 품질을 개선합니다.
5. 고객과의 소통
카카오톡 상담: 실시간 상담을 통해 고객의 궁금증을 해결합니다.
공지사항 알림: 서비스 이용 중 필수 정보를 지속적으로 업데이트합니다.
메인 서비스는 고객 만족을 최우선으로 하며, 지속적인 개선과 세심한 관리를 통해 최상의 경험을 제공합니다.
일본배대지
메인 서비스: 간편하고 효율적인 배송 및 구매 대행 서비스
1. 대행 서비스 주요 기능
메인 서비스는 고객이 한 번에 필요한 대행 서비스를 신청할 수 있도록 다양한 기능을 제공합니다.
배송대행 신청: 국내외 상품 배송을 대신 처리하며, 효율적인 시스템으로 신속한 배송을 보장합니다.
구매대행 신청: 원하는 상품을 대신 구매해주는 서비스로, 고객의 수고를 줄입니다.
엑셀 대량 등록: 대량 상품을 엑셀로 손쉽게 등록 가능하여 상업 고객의 편의성을 증대합니다.
재고 관리 신청: 창고 보관 및 재고 관리를 통해 물류 과정을 최적화합니다.
2. 고객 지원 시스템
메인 서비스는 사용자 친화적인 접근성을 제공합니다.
유저 가이드: 대행 서비스를 더욱 합리적으로 사용할 수 있도록 세부 안내서를 제공합니다.
운송장 조회: 일본 사가와 등 주요 운송사의 추적 시스템과 연동하여 운송 상황을 실시간으로 확인 가능합니다.
3. 비용 안내와 부가 서비스
비용 계산기: 예상되는 비용을 간편하게 계산해 예산 관리를 돕습니다.
부가 서비스: 교환 및 반품, 폐기 및 검역 지원 등 추가적인 편의 서비스를 제공합니다.
출항 스케줄 확인: 해외 배송의 경우 출항 일정을 사전에 확인 가능하여 배송 계획을 세울 수 있습니다.
4. 공지사항
기본 검수 공지
무료 검수 서비스로 고객의 부담을 줄이며, 보다 철저한 검수가 필요한 경우 유료 정밀 검수 서비스를 권장합니다.
수출허가서 발급 안내
항공과 해운 수출 건에 대한 허가서를 효율적으로 발급받는 방법을 상세히 안내하며, 고객의 요청에 따라 이메일로 전달됩니다.
노데이터 처리 안내
운송장 번호 없는 주문에 대한 새로운 처리 방안을 도입하여, 노데이터 발생 시 관리비가 부과되지만 서비스 품질을 개선합니다.
5. 고객과의 소통
카카오톡 상담: 실시간 상담을 통해 고객의 궁금증을 해결합니다.
공지사항 알림: 서비스 이용 중 필수 정보를 지속적으로 업데이트합니다.
메인 서비스는 고객 만족을 최우선으로 하며, 지속적인 개선과 세심한 관리를 통해 최상의 경험을 제공합니다.
일본소비세환급
일본 소비세 환급, 네오리아와 함께라면 간편하고 안전하게
일본 소비세 환급은 복잡하고 까다로운 절차로 많은 구매대행 셀러들이 어려움을 겪는 분야입니다. 네오리아는 다년간의 경험과 전문성을 바탕으로 신뢰할 수 있는 서비스를 제공하며, 일본 소비세 환급 과정을 쉽고 효율적으로 처리합니다.
1. 일본 소비세 환급의 필요성과 네오리아의 역할
네오리아는 일본 현지 법인을 설립하지 않아도 합법적인 방식으로 소비세 환급을 받을 수 있는 솔루션을 제공합니다. 이를 통해:
한국 개인사업자와 법인 사업자 모두 간편하게 환급 절차를 진행할 수 있습니다.
일본의 복잡한 서류 심사를 최소화하고, 현지 로컬 세리사와 협력하여 최적의 결과를 보장합니다.
2. 소비세 환급의 주요 특징
일본 연고가 없어도 가능: 일본에 사업자가 없더라도 네오리아는 신뢰할 수 있는 서비스를 통해 소비세 환급을 지원합니다.
서류 작성 걱정 해결: 잘못된 서류 제출로 환급이 거절될까 걱정될 필요 없습니다. 네오리아의 전문 대응팀이 모든 과정을 정밀하게 관리합니다.
현지 법인 운영자를 위한 추가 지원: 일본 내 개인사업자나 법인 운영자에게는 세무 감사와 이슈 대응까지 포함된 고급 서비스를 제공합니다.
3. 네오리아 서비스의 장점
전문성과 신뢰성: 정부로부터 인정받은 투명성과 세무 분야의 우수한 성과를 자랑합니다.
맞춤형 서포트: 다양한 사례를 통해 쌓은 경험으로 고객이 예상치 못한 어려움까지 미리 해결합니다.
로컬 업체에서 불가능한 고급 서비스: 한국인 고객을 위해 정확하고 간편한 세무회계 및 소비세 환급 서비스를 제공합니다.
4. 네오리아가 제공하는 혜택
시간 절약: 복잡한 절차와 서류 준비 과정을 전문가가 대신 처리합니다.
안심 환급: 철저한 관리와 세심한 대응으로 안전하게 환급을 받을 수 있습니다.
추가 서비스: 세무감사와 이슈 발생 시 즉각적인 지원으로 사업의 연속성을 보장합니다.
네오리아는 소비세 환급이 복잡하고 어렵다고 느껴지는 고객들에게 최적의 길잡이가 되어드립니다. 신뢰를 바탕으로 한 전문적인 서비스로, 더 이상 소비세 환급 문제로 고민하지 마세요!
Aw, this was an incredibly nice post. Taking a few minutes and actual effort to generate a good article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a lot and never seem to get nearly anything done.