Scrub Typhus Antibody Test-Negative and Positive Results
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Scrub typhus and typhoid are quite different but common thing is that both cover fever. Scrub typhus also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by the intracellular parasite, Orientia ( formerly Rickettsia) tsutsugamushi and typhoid by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Both causative agents are bacteria. Scrub typhus is transmitted by the bite of larval trombiculid mites. The most common symptoms of scrub typhus are fever, headache, body aches, and sometimes rash. Most cases of scrub typhus take place in rural areas of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, China, Japan, India, and northern Australia. Anyone living in or traveling to such areas where scrub typhus is found could get infected. It often presents as a fever with little to distinguish it clinically from co-endemic diseases such as typhoid, leptospirosis, and dengue.
The occurrence of morbilliform rash, eschar, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathies are typical signs that support the diagnosis but it is not always present. Diagnosis, thus, depends on clinical suspicion, prompting the clinician to request an appropriate laboratory investigation, and failure to diagnose the disease will likely result in treatment with ineffective β-lactam–based regimens but also pneumonitis, encephalitis, and myocarditis occur in the late phase of illness. With proper therapy, the fever will break within 36 hours, but if left untreated, complications or death may occur.
This Scrub Typhus Rapid Test is a rapid immuno-chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of IgM antibodies to members of O. tsutsugamushi in human serum, plasma, or blood. The procedure requires no specialized equipment, takes less than 5 minutes and results are ready in 15 minutes. After the onset of symptoms, the IgM antibody titers increased gradually over 2–3 weeks, peaked at about 4 weeks, and started to decrease rapidly between 4 and 5 weeks. Over the first 2 weeks, IgG antibody titer increases sharply peaked at about 4 weeks, and decreased rather gradually thereafter.
This Scrub Typhus Detect™ IgM Rapid Test is a qualitative, membrane-based immunoassay for the detection of IgM in members of O. tsutsugamushi in human serum, plasma, or blood. The membrane is pre-coated with a mixture of novel recombinants (representing several geographical isolates) on the test line region and appropriate control antigen on the control line region. During testing, the sample reacts with the dye conjugate (anti-human IgM colloidal gold conjugate) which has been pre-coated in the test device. The mixture then migrates upward on the membrane chromatographically by capillary action to react with ST-derived recombinant antigens on the membrane and generates a red band or line.
The presence of this red line indicates a positive result, while its absence indicates a negative result. Independent of the presence or absence of antibodies to scrub typhus antigens, a red line or band at the control line region will always appear when the sera-gold migrates to the immobilized control region. The presence of this red band verifies sufficient sample volume and proper flow of reagents.
Observe for pink or red lines or bands.
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