Introduction The VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) and TPHA (Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay) tests are laboratory diagnostic tests used to…
Introduction HIV, HBsAg, and HCV ELISA are three distinct diagnostic tests used in the field of medicine and clinical diagnostics…
Introduction of Thyroid Function Test (TFT) If you are suffering from any of the symptoms stated in the table (Differences…
Fig. Clear Explanation of Exotoxins and Endotoxins Introduction of Exotoxins and Endotoxins Numerous bacteria produce toxins, enzymes, and pigments. Toxins…
Introduction of Seasonal flu and COVID-19 Seasonal flu and COVID-19 both are contagious respiratory illnesses, but their causative agents are…
Introduction The VITEK 2 compact system is an automated microbiology bacteria and yeasts identification and antimicrobial susceptibility system which uses…
Introduction of Diphtheria bacillus and Diphtheroids Diphtheria bacillus is also known as Klebs-Löffler bacillus and it is a Gram-positive nonmotile,…
Introduction of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria Fig. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Left) and Gram-Negative Bacteria (right) ‘Gram-Positive Bacilli (GPB)‘ is also called…
Introduction of Bacteria and Virus Bacteria are member of a large group of living unicellular microbes having size of cocci…
Introduction The virus has either DNA or RNA nucleic acid and RNA viruses have RNA nucleic acids. During the replication…