Introduction Respiratory tract infections are caused by a wide range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Conventional diagnostic methods…
Introduction Accurate and timely identification of molds is essential for clinical microbiology, especially in cases of invasive fungal infections caused…
Introduction Invasive mold infections such as those caused by Aspergillus, Fusarium, Scedosporium, and Mucorales present significant clinical challenges, especially in…
Introduction The disk diffusion assay for molds is a standardized antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) method that evaluates the sensitivity or…
Introduction Fungal infections caused by yeasts, particularly Candida and Cryptococcus species, represent a significant clinical challenge in immunocompromised and critically…
Introduction Fig. Candida colony morphology on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) Fungal infections represent a growing concern in both immunocompromised and…
Introduction Leucine crystals are rare urinary findings that typically appear in patients with severe liver disease, such as advanced cirrhosis,…
Introduction Sulfonamide crystals are drug-induced urinary crystals that appear in patients receiving sulfonamide (sulfa) therapy, particularly when urine is acidic,…