Urine Analysis: Introduction, List of Tests, Unit and Normal Range

Introduction

Urine analysis is the broad term of laboratory medicine that deals with a variety of urine tests pertaining to our body. The tests are non-invasive, easy to perform even in a simple laboratory setup. Its application is mandatory to manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), renal (kidney) disease, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. A urinalysis involves checking physically, chemically, and microscopically the appearance, concentration, and content of urine specimens. Urine routine examination (R/E), Urine special tests, or urine tests all are part of Urine analysis.

List of Tests

Urine Routine Examination (R/E): It completes into following steps-

1. Physical Examination

• Color
• Transparency

2. Chemical Examination

• pH
• Albumin
• Sugar

3. Microscopy

• Pus cells
• RBC
• Epithelial Cells
• Crystals
• Cast
• Others

Urine Special Tests

• Bile Pigment
• Bile Salt
• Ketone bodies
• Pregnancy Test
• Others

Unit and Normal Range

	Urine Routine Examination (R/E)
Test	Finding	Unit	Normal Finding
	Physical Examination
Color			Pale yellow
Transparency			Usually clear sometimes cloudy
	Chemical Examination
Albumin			Absent/Nil
Sugar			Absent/Nil
	Microscopy
Pus cells		/HPF	2-3/HPF
RBC		/HPF	Absent
Epi. Cell		/HPF	M:2-3;FM:2-5/HPF
Crystals		/HPF	May be present
Cast		/HPF	Absent
Others
	Special Urine test
Bile Pigment		Neg /Pos	Absent
Bile Salt		Neg /Pos	Absent
Ketone bodies		Neg /Pos	Absent
Pregnancy Test		Neg /Pos
Note:

Suggestion

Always try to know who is testing your specimen because he or she is playing with body samples and the proper finding never ignores good track of your life in case of diagnosis, normal activities, and so on. To give this sense, your report should have the complete name of the examiner ( laboratory person), his/her signature, council number, and logo of the institution ( hospital/ diagnostic center).

Contd…