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Introduction of Shigella Serotyping Shigella Serotyping helps to differentiate serotypes of Shigella. Serotypes refer to separate groups within a species of microorganisms that all share a similar property. More specifically, each serotype has the same number of antigens on its surfaces. For example, Shigella flexneri serotype 1, 2, 2a, S. sonnei, and S. …
Introduction of Widal Test The Widal test is an agglutination test employed in the serological diagnosis of enteric fever. It is also applicable in febrile agglutinin tests. The test is named after Georges Fernand Isidore Widal, a French physician and bacteriologist. Salmonella antibody starts appearing in the …
Salmonella Serotyping Serotyping is a type of epidemiological marker. It works on the principle of agglutination. agglutination or clumping: Positive No agglutination or clumping: Negative On this basis, Salmonella can differentiate whether Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi or Paratyphi and so on. Serotype O antigen Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi ( …
Introduction of ABO and Rh Typing ABO blood grouping and Rh typing are the most common blood group systems. There are nearly 300 blood group systems so far discovered. Other than ABO and Rh are MNS, Lutheran, Kell, Duffy, etc. Karl Landsteiner discovered ABO ( …
Introduction of Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)Test The antinuclear antibody (ANA)test is a type of blood test in which serum tested for autoantibodies ( SLE) directed against native deoxyribonucleic acid and other nuclear constituents are produced. It involves a variety of tissues and is associated with a wide range …
Introduction of Therapeutic Drugs Therapeutic drugs are those drugs that are applicable in some critical clinical conditions such as digoxin (to treat various heart conditions) and phenytoin (an anti-seizure medication). Therapeutic Drug monitoring (TDM) is essential for those drugs since it is the clinical practice …
Introduction Anti -TPO test is an autoantibody assay that is against thyroperoxidase (TPO) (antigen). TPO is an enzyme present in thyroid hormone formation, catalyzing the oxidation of iodide on tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin for the synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine -T4). This enzyme …
Introduction of Lipid Profile Test (LPT) Before discussing the lipid profile test (LPT), it is better to know about lipids. Lipid is the fat and fatty substance that is stored in blood and tissues and it is utilized by the body as a source of …