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Introduction GI cancers originate within the human digestive system, spanning from the upper esophagus down to the rectum and anus. These malignancies are often characterized by an insidious onset, meaning they remain asymptomatic or present with non-specific symptoms (such as indigestion, fatigue, or mild abdominal …
Introduction NHL begins when lymphocytes (B-cells or T-cells) undergo abnormal changes, causing them to multiply uncontrollably and form tumors. These tumors typically start in the lymph nodes but can spread to other organs like the spleen, liver, or bone marrow. Types of NHLThe NHL is …
Introduction and Types Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) represents a group of cancers that develop in the upper layers of the skin, distinct from melanoma. They are the most commonly diagnosed malignancies worldwide. While they grow slowly and rarely metastasize compared to melanoma, they can cause …
Introduction HLA-B27 (Human Leukocyte Antigen B27) is a specific genetic variant of the HLA-B gene located on chromosome 6. While HLA proteins normally help the immune system distinguish between the body’s own cells and foreign invaders, the B27 variant is a well-known risk factor for …
Introduction Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor arising from ovarian tissues and is a leading cause of gynecologic cancer–related mortality worldwide. It is often called a “silent killer” because early-stage disease is frequently asymptomatic, resulting in late diagnosis and poorer outcomes. Types of Ovarian Cancer …
1. Introduction Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from the upper aerodigestive tract, including the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, salivary glands, and thyroid. The majority are squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) originating from mucosal epithelium. These …
1. Introduction Kidney cancer, also called renal cancer, arises from the malignant transformation of renal parenchymal cells. The most common form is renal cell carcinoma (RCC), originating from the renal tubular epithelium. It represents one of the top urological malignancies worldwide and is increasingly detected …
1. Introduction Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. It is one of the most common cancers in men, particularly affecting older age groups. The disease often progresses slowly but may become aggressive in advanced stages. 2. …