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1. Introduction Kidney cancer, also called renal cancer, arises from the malignant transformation of renal parenchymal cells. The most common form is renal cell carcinoma (RCC), originating from the renal tubular epithelium. It represents one of the top urological malignancies worldwide and is increasingly detected …
1. Introduction Rectal cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the epithelial lining of the rectum, the terminal part of the large intestine. It accounts for a significant proportion of colorectal cancers and is a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early detection …
Introduction Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a malignant tumor arising from the gastric mucosa. It remains a major global health problem, particularly in East Asia and developing countries. Most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage due to nonspecific early symptoms. Types …
Introduction Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the cervix, most commonly arising from the transformation zone of the cervix. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Persistent infection with high-risk Human …
Introduction A brain tumor is an abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells within the brain or its surrounding structures. Brain tumors may be primary (originating in the brain) or secondary (metastatic), spreading from other organs. They can affect individuals of any age and cause significant neurological …
Introduction Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It arises from the epithelial cells of the bronchial tree or alveoli and is strongly associated with tobacco smoking, although non-smokers may also be affected due to environmental and occupational exposures. Late …
Introduction Liver cancer is a major global health problem and ranks among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. It primarily arises from hepatocytes or bile duct epithelial cells and is frequently associated with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. The most common form is primary …
Introduction Blood cancer, also known as hematological malignancy, refers to a group of cancers that originate in the blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow, lymphatic system, and blood cells. Unlike solid tumors, blood cancers affect the production, function, and lifespan of blood cells, leading to …