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Introduction NHL begins when lymphocytes (B-cells or T-cells) undergo abnormal changes, causing them to multiply uncontrollably and form tumors. These tumors typically start in the lymph nodes but can spread to other organs like the spleen, liver, or bone marrow. Types of NHLThe NHL is …
Introduction Incineration is a thermal treatment process that combusts organic substances contained in waste materials. These plants are crucial for modern waste management, particularly for hazardous or clinical waste, by providing a sterile, efficient disposal method that reduces the need for landfill space. Modern plants …
Introduction Alcaligenes faecalis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium primarily found in water and soil, but also as a commensal in the human intestinal tract. While it is generally nonpathogenic, it is a significant opportunistic pathogen, particularly in hospital settings where it thrives in moist …
Introduction The Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), often known as the rK39 test or Kalazar Detect™, is a specific, non-invasive immunochromatographic assay used to detect antibodies against Leishmania parasites in human serum or blood. Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) is a severe, potentially fatal …
Introduction and Types Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) represents a group of cancers that develop in the upper layers of the skin, distinct from melanoma. They are the most commonly diagnosed malignancies worldwide. While they grow slowly and rarely metastasize compared to melanoma, they can cause …
Introduction HLA-B27 (Human Leukocyte Antigen B27) is a specific genetic variant of the HLA-B gene located on chromosome 6. While HLA proteins normally help the immune system distinguish between the body’s own cells and foreign invaders, the B27 variant is a well-known risk factor for …
Introduction Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) and Healthcare Waste Management (HCWM) are critical systems used to minimize the spread of pathogens, protecting patients, healthcare workers, and the environment. Approximately 15–25% of healthcare waste is considered hazardous, necessitating strict management protocols. IPC is an evidence-based approach …
Introduction Orientia and Rickettsia are two closely related genera of bacteria within the family Rickettsiaceae. Both are small, gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogens, meaning they can only grow and replicate inside the living cells of their hosts. While they share many clinical features—such as causing fever, …