MDR ESKAPE-Introduction, Group of Pathogens, Clinical Importance, and Keynotes

Mucoid -lactose fermenting (MLF) colony of Klebsiella pneumonie on MacConkey agar of blood culture

Introduction MDR ESKAPE refers to a group of bacteria that resist multiple antibiotics. Firstly, these pathogens escape the effects of standard treatments. Moreover, they spread easily in healthcare settings. Additionally, they cause serious hospital-acquired infections. Consequently, clinicians face challenges treating these infections. Furthermore, MDR ESKAPE …

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BD BACTEC Blood Culture System: Introduction, Principle, Processing, and Keynotes

BD BACTEC Blood Culture System_BACTEC 9050 Model-Inner View

Introduction The BD BACTEC Blood Culture System is an advanced diagnostic tool for detecting bloodstream infections. It automates microbial culture monitoring with high sensitivity and rapid turnaround time. Additionally, it employs fluorescence-based technology to measure carbon dioxide produced by microbes. Moreover, the system continuously monitors …

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Fungal Identification-Introduction, Conventional Method and MALDI TOF Method, Application, and Keynotes

Conidia, phialides(sterigmata), metullae, and conidiophore of Penicillum in LPCB preparation of culture microscopic examination

Introduction Fungal identification plays a vital role in diagnosing infections. Mycologists use various methods to identify fungal species. Firstly, conventional techniques rely on morphology and culture characteristics. Additionally, molecular assays enhance detection accuracy. Researchers now employ advanced tools to expedite fungal identification. Moreover, timely identification …

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Complement Fixation Test-Introduction, Principle, Testing Procedure, Result -Interpretation, and Keynotes

Complement Fixation Test (CFT) Result -Interpretation

Introduction Complement Fixation Test is a classical assay that detects specific antibodies in patient serum samples. The test employs complement proteins to reveal immune reactions between antigens and antibodies with accuracy. Moreover, the assay fixes complement when antigen-antibody complexes form quickly during incubation under controlled …

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Thalassemia-Introduction, Types, Lab-Diagnosis, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

Thalassemia-Introduction, Types, Lab-Diagnosis, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

Introduction Thalassemia is an inherited disorder that disrupts normal hemoglobin production. Patients suffer from anemia and related complications due to defective red blood cells. Moreover, the disorder presents varying severity based on genetic mutations and inheritance patterns. Clinicians diagnose thalassemia using laboratory tests and genetic …

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Uremia: Introduction, Diagnosis, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

Uremic patient's urine under the routine microscopic examination showing numerous red blood cells (RBCs)

Introduction Uremia is a serious condition caused by kidney failure. The word uremia” literally means “urine in the blood. It results when the kidneys cannot remove waste from the blood. Moreover, toxins accumulate and harm vital organs. Patients experience fatigue, nausea, and confusion. Furthermore, they …

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Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE): Introduction, Application, and Keynotes

The schematic diagram of countermmunoelectrophoresis (CIE)

Introduction Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is a rapid diagnostic technique in modern immunology laboratories and enhances timely results. Primarily, it separates antigens and antibodies using an electric field for accelerated reactions with precision. Additionally, this method improves immunological assays’ detection speed and remarkably reduces waiting times. Subsequently, it …

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Antioxidant-Introduction, Types, Availability, Function, and Keynotes

Antioxidant-Introduction, Types, Availability, Function, and Keynotes

Introduction Antioxidant is compound that protects cells from oxidative stress. They neutralize harmful free radicals in our bodies. Types Specifically, vitamins, polyphenols, and carotenoids serve as antioxidants. Additionally, vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene protect against oxidative damage. Availability Antioxidants are abundant in fruits, vegetables, …

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