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Introduction Colon cancer is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal malignancy originating from the inner lining (mucosal epithelium) of the large intestine. It ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While historically more common in older individuals, the incidence has steadily risen in younger …
Introduction NHL begins when lymphocytes (B-cells or T-cells) undergo abnormal changes, causing them to multiply uncontrollably and form tumors. These tumors typically start in the lymph nodes but can spread to other organs like the spleen, liver, or bone marrow. Types of NHLThe NHL is …
Introduction to IHC Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a powerful laboratory technique that combines anatomical, immunological, and biochemical methods to detect specific antigens (proteins) in tissue sections. By exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues, IHC allows for the visualization of protein …
Introduction Molds such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, Scedosporium, and members of the Mucorales are important causes of invasive fungal infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients (oncology, transplant, hematology, ICU). Unlike yeasts (Candida, Cryptococcus), which are more frequently recovered from blood cultures, molds are rarely detected in routine …
Introduction Uremia is a serious condition caused by kidney failure. The word uremia” literally means “urine in the blood. It results when the kidneys cannot remove waste from the blood. Moreover, toxins accumulate and harm vital organs. Patients experience fatigue, nausea, and confusion. Furthermore, they …
Introduction Apolipoprotein A-1 (apo A-1) and Apolipoprotein B (apo B) are blood proteins. Moreover, they transport lipids throughout the body. Furthermore, their ratio reflects cardiovascular risk. Consequently, clinicians rely on this ratio for risk assessment. Additionally, the test evaluates lipid metabolism and heart health. Test …
Introduction The Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) Blood Test is a medical diagnostic test used to measure the level of neuron-specific enolase, an enzyme found in neurons, in a patient’s blood. This test is valuable in various clinical settings, particularly in neurology and oncology, and it provides …
Introduction Penicillium marneffei is a thermally dimorphic fungus and a significant human pathogen, causing a rare but severe disease called penicilliosis marneffei. It is classified under the phylum Ascomycota and the family Talaromycetaceae. The fungus was first discovered and described by a French physician, Captain …