electrolyte imbalances

Uremia: Introduction, Diagnosis, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

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Uremic patient's urine under the routine microscopic examination showing numerous red blood cells (RBCs)

Introduction Uremia is a serious condition caused by kidney failure. The word uremia” literally means “urine in the blood. It results when the kidneys cannot remove waste from the blood. Moreover, toxins accumulate and harm vital organs. Patients experience fatigue, nausea, and confusion. Furthermore, they …

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Ionized Calcium Test-Introduction, Test Result, Unit, Reference Range, Test Methods, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

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Introduction The Ionized Calcium Test measures the active, free calcium levels in the blood, essential for vital physiological functions. Moreover, it evaluates the biologically active calcium, not bound to proteins, providing more accurate results than total calcium tests. In addition, this test helps diagnose calcium …

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