Haemophilus Serotyping: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Test Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Limitations, and Keynotes

Use of bacitracin 10 U on chocolate agar for screening Haemophilus of sputum culture

Introduction of Haemophilus Serotyping Haemophilus Serotyping helps to differentiate serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae. Serotypes refer to separate groups within a species of microorganisms that all share a similar property. More specifically, each serotype has the same number of antigens on its surfaces. For example, encapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae may …

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Shigella Serotyping: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Test Procedure, Result-Interpretation, and Keynotes

Shigella polyvalent A, B and C2 for Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii

Introduction of Shigella Serotyping Shigella Serotyping helps to differentiate serotypes of Shigella. Serotypes refer to separate groups within a species of microorganisms that all share a similar property. More specifically, each serotype has the same number of antigens on its surfaces. For example, Shigella flexneri serotype 1, 2, 2a, S. sonnei, and S. …

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Widal Test: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirement, Procedure, Result- Interpretation, and Limitations

Widal Test Positive Demonstration

Introduction of Widal Test The Widal test is an agglutination test employed in the serological diagnosis of enteric fever. It is also applicable in febrile agglutinin tests. The test is named after Georges Fernand Isidore Widal, a French physician and bacteriologist. Salmonella antibody starts appearing in the …

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Salmonella Serotyping: Introduction, Serotypes and Risk Factors of Salmonella Infection

Salmonella Antisera and serotype positive demonstration

Salmonella Serotyping Serotyping is a type of epidemiological marker. It works on the principle of agglutination. agglutination or clumping: Positive No agglutination or clumping: Negative On this basis, Salmonella can differentiate whether Salmonella enterica serotype  Typhi or Paratyphi and so on. Serotype    O antigen Salmonella enterica serotype  Typhi ( …

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ABO and Rh Typing: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Applications, and Keynotes

ABO and Rh Typing-Slide Method

Introduction of ABO and Rh Typing ABO blood grouping and Rh typing are the most common blood group systems. There are nearly 300 blood group systems so far discovered. Other than ABO and  Rh are MNS, Lutheran, Kell, Duffy, etc. Karl Landsteiner discovered ABO ( …

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Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)Test: Introduction, Principle, Procedure, Result Interpretation, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)Test- Introduction, Principle, Procedure, Result Interpretation, Clinical Significance and Keynotes

Introduction of Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)Test The antinuclear antibody (ANA)test is a type of blood test in which serum tested for autoantibodies ( SLE) directed against native deoxyribonucleic acid and other nuclear constituents are produced. It involves a variety of tissues and is associated with a wide range …

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Anti -TPO Test: Introduction, Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Assaying Method, and Keynotes

Anti TPO Test-Result, Unit, Normal Range, and Assaying Method

Introduction Anti -TPO test is an autoantibody assay that is against thyroperoxidase (TPO) (antigen). TPO is an enzyme present in thyroid hormone formation, catalyzing the oxidation of iodide on tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin for the synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine -T4). This enzyme …

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Occult Blood and Helicobacter pylori Antigen Stool Test- Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Test Method, and Clinical Significance

Occult Blood and Helicobacter pylori Antigen Stool Test- Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Test Method, and Clinical Significance

Introduction of Occult Blood and Helicobacter pylori Antigen Stool Test Occult Blood and Helicobacter pylori Antigen Stool Tests are clinically important for the diagnosis of diseases. Fecal occult blood test positive is common in hookworm infestation. H. pylori antigen stool test is clear from the …

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