Introduction
Table of Contents
An automatic tissue processor is a laboratory instrument . It automates the process of tissue fixation, dehydration, clearing, and embedding for histological analysis. This instrument is widely used in pathology laboratories for preparing tissue samples for examination under a microscope. The automatic tissue processor reduces the time and effort required to process tissue samples manually. It ensures consistency in the quality of the final product.
Principle
The principle of operation of an automatic tissue processor involves a series of steps. It includes fixation, dehydration, clearing, and embedding of tissue samples in paraffin wax. These steps are automated using a pre-programmed sequence of reagent changes and agitation to ensure that the tissue samples are processed consistently and efficiently.
The first step is fixation, which involves immersing the tissue samples in a fixative solution, typically formalin, to preserve their cellular structure. The tissue samples are then dehydrated by progressively transferring them through a series of alcohol solutions of increasing concentration.
After dehydration, the tissue samples are cleared by transferring them through xylene or another clearing agent. It removes any remaining alcohol and make the tissue samples transparent. Finally, the tissue samples are embedded in paraffin wax. It allows them to be cut into thin sections for microscopic analysis.
The automated tissue processor can control the time and duration of each step. It ensures that the process is standardized and reproducible. The process is also designed to minimize tissue damage and to ensure that the tissue samples are processed uniformly.
Types/Model
There are several manufacturers of automatic tissue processors, and some of the popular types/models of automatic tissue processors companywise are:
- Sakura Tissue-Tek VIP Series: Sakura is a leading manufacturer of tissue processing equipment, and their Tissue-Tek VIP Series is widely used in clinical and research laboratories. The Tissue-Tek VIP Series includes models such as Tissue-Tek VIP 6, Tissue-Tek VIP 2000, and Tissue-Tek VIP 3000.
- Leica ASP Series: Leica is another popular manufacturer of tissue processing equipment, and their ASP series includes models such as the Leica ASP300, Leica ASP6025, and Leica ASP6025E.
- Thermo Scientific Excelsior ES Series: Thermo Fisher Scientific is a global leader in scientific research, and their Excelsior ES series includes models such as the Excelsior ES Tissue Processor and the Excelsior AS Tissue Processor.
- Milestone Milestone LOGOS: Milestone is a leading manufacturer of laboratory equipment, and their Milestone LOGOS series includes models such as the Milestone LOGOS Tissue Processor and the Milestone LOGOS One Tissue Processor.
- Agilent Dako CoverStainer: Agilent Technologies is a global leader in the field of life sciences, and their Dako CoverStainer is a fully automated tissue processor that can process up to 300 slides in one run.
- Bio-Optica Milano Master TP1020: Bio-Optica Milano is a leading manufacturer of laboratory equipment, and their Master TP1020 is a fully automated tissue processor that can process up to 300 samples in one run.
- Medite TPC 15 Duo: Medite is a well-known manufacturer of laboratory equipment, and their TPC 15 Duo is a fully automated tissue processor that can process up to 300 samples in one run.
Handling Procedure
The handling procedure for automatic tissue processors may vary depending on the specific model and manufacturer’s instructions. However, the following steps provide a general overview of the handling procedure:
- Preparation of tissue specimens: The tissue specimens should be properly fixed, dehydrated, and cleared before being processed in the tissue processor.
- Loading of tissue specimens: The tissue specimens are loaded into the tissue processing baskets, and the baskets. They are then placed into the processing chamber of the automatic tissue processor.
- Selection of processing program: The appropriate processing program is selected based on the type of tissue, size of specimens, and processing requirements.
- Addition of reagents: The required reagents, such as fixatives, dehydrating agents, and clearing agents. They are added automatically by the tissue processor.
- Processing cycle: The tissue processor starts the processing cycle, which typically involves several stages of dehydration and clearing, followed by infiltration with paraffin wax.
- Embedding of tissue specimens: The processed tissue specimens are then embedded in paraffin wax using an embedding station.
- Sectioning of tissue specimens: The embedded tissue specimens are sectioned using a microtome. It results tissue sections are mounted onto glass slides for further analysis.
- Staining of tissue sections: The tissue sections can be stained using various methods, such as hematoxylin and eosin staining, to visualize the tissue structures and identify any abnormalities.
- Cover slipping of slides: The stained tissue sections are cover-slipped using a mounting medium to protect the tissue and preserve the staining.
- Microscopic examination: The slides are examined under a microscope to analyze the tissue structures and identify any abnormalities or disease conditions.
- Archiving of tissue specimens: The processed tissue specimens can be stored in archives for future reference or further analysis.
Uses
Automatic tissue processors are widely used in histology and pathology laboratories for the processing of tissue samples. They are used to dehydrate, clear, and impregnate tissue samples with paraffin wax, making them suitable for sectioning and staining. The tissue samples are placed in cassettes and processed through a series of reagents in the automatic tissue processor. This makes the tissue samples easier to handle and allows for better visualization of cellular structures under a microscope. The processed tissue samples can then be used for various diagnostic and research purposes, such as the identification of diseases, cancer diagnosis, and tissue engineering.
Keynotes
Here are some keynotes on automatic tissue processors:
- Automatic tissue processors are essential tools for the preparation of tissue samples for microscopic examination in histology and pathology laboratories.
- They automate the process of tissue fixation, dehydration, clearing, and impregnation with paraffin wax, providing high-quality tissue sections for staining and analysis.
- Automatic tissue processors come in different models and sizes, with varying capacities and features to meet the needs of different laboratories.
- Proper handling and maintenance of the automatic tissue processor are crucial to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the instrument.
- Regular cleaning, calibration, and replacement of consumables such as reagents and filters are necessary to prevent contamination and ensure accurate results.
- Automatic tissue processors play a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, including cancer, and have contributed significantly to advancements in medical research and development.
- With the advancement in technology, newer models of automatic tissue processors are emerging, providing faster processing times, more precise control, and improved sample quality.
Further Readings
- Banik, S. S., & Sarkar, D. K. (2018). Histopathological Techniques and Its Medical Importance. In Advances in Medical Diagnostic Technology (pp. 1-34). Springer, Singapore.
- Bathaie, S. Z., Bolandnazar, Z., & Hosseini, S. (2017). Technical and ethical considerations in using laboratory animals. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR, 16(Suppl), 1.
- Ben Abdallah, N. M., Ben Ticha, M. O., Karim, A. O., & Saidi, F. (2016). Microscopic study of the testes and spermatozoa of Clarias gariepinus from Oued Mellah (North-West Algeria). F1000Research, 5, 1713.
- Kaur, S., Singh, S., Singh, B., & Gupta, K. (2015). Histopathological analysis of liver, kidney and spleen of Channa punctatus fed on cadmium chloride. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 4(4), 1028-1035.
- Malik, A., Anjum, F., Khan, S. A., Shahid, M., & Aslam, M. S. (2017). Antihyperglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of Trillium govanianum in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 9(8): 178-182.
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Understanding the processes and protocols within a Professional Tenure Committee (PTC) is crucial for faculty members. This Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) guide aims to address common queries related to PTC procedures, voting, and membership.
1. Why should members of the PTC fill out vote justification forms explaining their votes?
Vote justification forms provide transparency in decision-making. Members articulate their reasoning, fostering a culture of openness and ensuring that decisions are well-founded and understood by the academic community.
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To accommodate absentee voting, PTCs may implement secure electronic methods or designated proxy voters. This ensures that faculty members who cannot physically attend meetings can still contribute to decision-making processes.
3. How will additional members of PTCs be elected in departments with fewer than four tenured faculty members?
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外送茶是什麼？
外送茶、外約、叫小姐是一樣的東西。簡單來說就是在通訊軟體與茶莊聯絡，選好自己喜歡的妹子後，茶莊會像送飲料這樣把妹子派送到您指定的汽車旅館、酒店、飯店等交易地點。您只需要在您指定的地點等待，妹妹到達後，就可以開心的開始一場美麗的約會。
外送茶種類
學生兼職的稱為清新書香茶
日本女孩稱為清涼綠茶
俄羅斯女孩被稱為金酥麻茶
韓國女孩稱為超細滑人參茶
外送茶價格
外送茶的客戶相當廣泛，包括中小企業主、自營商、醫生和各行業的精英，像是工程師等等。在台北和新北地區，他們的消費指數大約在 7000 到 10000 元之間，而在中南部則通常在 4000 到 8000 元之間。
對於一般上班族和藍領階層的客人來說，建議可以考慮稍微低消一點，比如在北部約 6000 元左右，中南部約 4000 元左右。這個價位的茶妹大多是新手兼職，但有潛力。
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加入LINE：加入外送茶官方LINE，客服隨時為你服務。茶莊一般在中午 12 點到凌晨 3 點營業。
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提供預算：告訴客服你的預算，他們會找到最適合你的茶妹。
提早預約：提早預約比較好配合你的空檔時間，也不用怕到時候約不到你想要的茶妹。
外送茶術語
喝茶術語就像是進入茶道的第一步，就像是蓋房子打地基一樣。在這裡，我們將這些外送茶入門術語分類，讓大家能夠清楚地理解，讓喝茶變得更加容易上手。
魚：指的自行接客的小姐，不屬於任何茶莊。
茶：就是指「小姐」的意思，由茶莊安排接客。
定點茶：指由茶莊提供地點，客人再前往指定地點與小姐交易。
外送茶：指的是到小姐到客人指定地點接客。
個工：指的是有專屬工作室自己接客的小姐。
GTO：指雞頭也就是飯店大姊三七茶莊的意思。
摳客妹：只負責找客人請茶莊或代調找美眉。
內機：盤商應召站提供茶園的人。
經紀人：幫內機找美眉的人。
馬伕：外送茶司機又稱教練。
代調：收取固定代調費用的人（只針對同業）。
阿六茶：中國籍女子，賣春的大陸妹。
熱茶、熟茶：年齡比較大、年長、熟女級賣春者（或稱阿姨）。
燙口 / 高溫茶：賣春者年齡過高。
台茶：從事此職業的台灣小姐。
本妹：從事此職業的日本籍小姐。
金絲貓：西方國家的小姐（歐美的、金髮碧眼的那種）。
青茶、青魚：20 歲以下的賣春者。
乳牛：胸部很大的小姐（D 罩杯以上）。
龍、小叮噹、小叮鈴：體型比較肥、胖、臃腫、大隻的小姐。