Introduction of Citrobacter koseri
Table of Contents
Citrobacter koseri is previously known as Citrobacter diversus. It is a facultative anaerobe of 1.0 × 2.0–6.0 μm in size, motile, non-capsulated, and gram-negative bacillus of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Citrobacter koseri acts as etiological agents of various pathological conditions like urinary tract infections (UTIs), pneumonia, bacteremia, and neonatal meningitis.
Biochemical Reactions of Citrobacter koseri
| Basic Features | Properties |
| 1. Gram Staining | Gram-Negative Rods (GNRs) |
| 2. Spore | Non-Sporing |
| 3. Capsule | Negative |
| 4. Motility | Motile |
| 5. Pigment | Negative |
| 6. Growth in potassium cyanide (KCN) medium | Positive |
| 7. Catalase test | Positive |
| 8. Oxidase test | Negative |
| 9. Nitrate reduction test | Positive |
| 10. MR (Methyl Red) test | Positive |
| 11. VP (Voges- Proskauer) assay | Negative |
| 12. OF (Oxidative-Fermentative) test | Fermentative/Facultative Anaerobes |
| 13. Gas | Positive |
| 14. H2S production | Negative |
| 15. Indole formation | Positive |
| 16. Urease/ urea hydrolysis test | Variable |
| 17. Citrate/ citrate utilization | Positive |
| 18. DNase test | Negative |
| 19. Glucose fermentation | Positive |
| 20. Maltose fermentation | Positive |
| 21. Lactose fermentation | Positive |
| 22. Sucrose fermentation | Positive |
| 23. Xylose fermentation | Positive |
| 24. Mannitol fermentation | Positive |
| 25. Acetate Utilization | Positive |
| 26. ONPG (β-galactosidase) | Positive |
| 27. Phenylalanine Deaminase (PDA)/PPA Test | Negative |
| 28. Lipase test | Negative |
| 29. Esculin Hydrolysis test | Negative |
| 30. Lysine Decarboxylase Test | Negative |
| 31. Ornithine Decarboxylase Test | Negative |
| 32. Arginine Dihydrolase Test | Variable |
Keynotes on Citrobacter
- Citrobacter koseri is indole positive while Citrobacter freundii is negative.
- Citrobacter species are found in soil and water, and in the human intestines.
- Citrobacter are motile due to having peritrichous flagella.
- Clinically important Citrobacter species are C. freundii, C. koseri, and C. braakii.
- Other species of Citrobacter are C. amalonaticus, C. farmeri, C. youngae, C. werkmanii, C. sedlakii,C. rodentium, C. gillenii, and C. murliniae.
- C. freundii is more resistant than C. koseri to most antibiotics.
Further Readings
- Cowan and Steel’s, manual for the identification of medical bacteria
- Topley and Wilson microbiology and microbial infection Topley and Wilson’s microbiology and microbial infection – Bacteriology-2-10th Edn.
- Manual of Clinical Microbiology -Patrick R. Murray -8th Edn.
- Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology -13th Edn.
- Mackie & Mc Cartney Practical Medical Microbiology- 14th Edn.
- Diagnostic Microbiology -Connie R. Mahon & George Manuselis
- Koneman Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology-6th Edn.
- Jawetz Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology- 25th Edn.
- Lippincott’s –Illustrated- review-Microbiology-3rd Edn.
- Mandell’s Infectious Disease-7th Edn.
- Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology – 2nd Edn.
- Text Book of Microbiology -Anantanarayan & Paniker-9th Edn.
- http://www.antimicrobe.org/b93.asp
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5054941/#
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