Introduction of Citrobacter freundii
Table of Contents
Citrobacter freundii is a member of the family, Enterobacteriaceae and it is a Gram-negative bacillus, non-sporing, non-encapsulated, aerobic, or facultative anaerobe that causes various types of infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, peritoneum, liver, bone, endocardium, intestines, soft tissue, meninges, and the bloodstream. It’s also the causative agent of other diseases, including biliary, hepatic, and pancreatic diseases.
Biochemical Reactions of Citrobacter freundii
| Basic Features | Properties |
| 1. Gram Staining | Gram-Negative Rods (GNRs) |
| 2. Spore | Non-Sporing |
| 3. Capsule | Negative |
| 4. Motility | Motile |
| 5. Pigment | Negative |
| 6. Growth in potassium cyanide (KCN) medium | Positive |
| 7. Catalase test | Positive |
| 8. Oxidase test | Negative |
| 9. Nitrate reduction test | Positive |
| 10. MR (Methyl Red) test | Positive |
| 11. VP (Voges- Proskauer) assay | Negative |
| 12. OF (Oxidative-Fermentative) test | Fermentative/Facultative Anaerobes |
| 13. Gas | Positive |
| 14. H2S production | Positive |
| 15. Indole formation | Negative |
| 16. Urease/ urea hydrolysis test | Variable |
| 17. Citrate/ citrate utilization | Positive |
| 18. DNase test | Negative |
| 19. Glucose fermentation | Positive |
| 20. Maltose fermentation | Positive |
| 21. Lactose fermentation | Positive |
| 22. Sucrose fermentation | Positive |
| 23. Xylose fermentation | Positive |
| 24. Mannitol fermentation | Positive |
| 25. Acetate Utilization | Positive |
| 26. ONPG (β-galactosidase) | Positive |
| 27. Phenylalanine Deaminase (PDA)/PPA Test | Negative |
| 28. Lipase test | Negative |
| 29. Esculin Hydrolysis test | Negative |
| 30. Lysine Decarboxylase Test | Negative |
| 31. Ornithine Decarboxylase Test | Negative |
| 32. Arginine Dihydrolase Test | Variable |
Keynotes on Citrobacter
- Citrobacter freundii is H2S positive and indole negative.
- Citrobacter koseri is H2S negative and indole positive.
- Citrobacter freundii is often the cause of significant opportunistic infections.
- Medically important species of Citrobcater are C. freundii and C. koseri. C. koseri is responsible for neonatal meningitis and brain abscess while C. freundii is a causative agent of gastroenteritis, neonatal meningitis, and septicemia.
Further Readings
- Cowan and Steel’s, manual for the identification of medical bacteria
- Topley and Wilson microbiology and microbial infection Topley and Wilson’s microbiology and microbial infection – Bacteriology-2-10th Edn.
- Manual of Clinical Microbiology -Patrick R. Murray -8th Edn.
- Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology -13th Edn.
- Mackie & Mc Cartney Practical Medical Microbiology- 14th Edn.
- Diagnostic Microbiology -Connie R. Mahon & George Manuselis
- Koneman Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology-6th Edn.
- Jawetz Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology- 25th Edn.
- Lippincott’s –Illustrated- review-Microbiology-3rd Edn.
- Mandell’s Infectious Disease-7th Edn.
- Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology – 2nd Edn.
- Text Book of Microbiology -Anantanarayan & Paniker-9th Edn.
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836000/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC96726/
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