Introduction of Salmonella Typhi
Table of Contents
Salmonella Typhi is a member of the family, Enterobacteriaceae and it is a Gram-negative bacillus, non-sporing, non-encapsulated, aerobic, or facultative anaerobe of size 2 to 4 × 0.6 µm that causes enteric fever (typhoid fever) and food poisoning or gastroenteritis.
Biochemical Tests of Salmonella Typhi
| Basic Features | Properties |
| 1. Gram Staining | Gram-Negative Rods (GNRs) |
| 2. Spore | Non-Sporing |
| 3. Capsule | Negative |
| 4. Motility | Positive |
| 5. Pigment | Negative |
| 6. Growth in potassium cyanide (KCN) medium | Negative |
| 7. Catalase test | Positive |
| 8. Oxidase test | Negative |
| 9. Nitrate reduction test | Positive |
| 10. MR (Methyl Red) test | Positive |
| 11. VP (Voges- Proskauer) assay | Negative |
| 12. OF (Oxidative-Fermentative) test | Fermentative/Facultative anaerobe |
| 13. Gas | Negative |
| 14. H2S production | Positive |
| 15. Indole formation | Negative |
| 16. Urease/ urea hydrolysis test | Negative |
| 17. Citrate/ citrate utilization | Negative |
| 18. DNase test | Negative |
| 19. Glucose fermentation | Positive |
| 20. Maltose fermentation | Positive |
| 21. Lactose fermentation | Negative |
| 22. Sucrose fermentation | Negative |
| 23. Xylose fermentation | Positive |
| 24. Mannitol fermentation | Positive |
| 25. Acetate Utilization | Negative |
| 26. ONPG (β-galactosidase) | Negative |
| 27. Phenylalanine Deaminase (PDA)/PPA Test | Negative |
| 28. Lipase test | Negative |
| 29. Esculin Hydrolysis test | Negative |
| 30. Lysine Decarboxylase Test | Positive |
| 31. Ornithine Decarboxylase Test | Negative |
| 32. Arginine Dihydrolase Test | Negative |
Keynotes on Salmonella
- The mode of transmission of S. Typhi is the faeco-oral route.
- The infective dose of typhoid is 10 bacilli through ingestion.
- Most strains of Salmonella are motile except Salmonella gallinarum and S. pullorum.
- Antigens of Salmonella are o antigen (somatic),H antigen (flagellar), Vi antigen and K antigen (capsular antigens), F antigen (fimbrial), M antigen and R antigen (in S R mutation due to the loss of O antigens).
- Salmonella Paratyphi causes paratyphoid.
- Salmonella Typhi differs from Salmonella Paratyphi in TSI reactions on the basis of H2S production (S. Typhi) and gas formation (S. paratyphi).
Salmonella Footages
Gram-negative rods of S. Typhi in Gram staining of culture
S. Typhi Growth on BHI Broth (Blood Culture Bottle)
Salmonella Typhi Colony Morphology on Nutrient Agar
Salmonella Typhi Colony Characteristics on Blood Agar
Salmonella non-lactose fermenter colony on MacConkey medium
Salmonella Typhi (black colony) and Salmonella Paratyphi colony on XLD agar expo
Salmonella Typhi biochemical reactions in TSI, SIM, citrate, and urea agar
Salmonella Paratyphi biochemical reactions in TSI, SIM, urea agar, and citrate medium
S. Typhi Details
Further Readings
- Cowan and Steel’s, manual for the identification of medical bacteria
- Topley and Wilson’s microbiology and microbial infection Topley and Wilson’s microbiology and microbial infection – Bacteriology-2-10th Edn.
- Manual of Clinical Microbiology -Patrick R. Murray -8th Edn.
- Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology -13th Edn.
- Mackie & Mc Cartney Practical Medical Microbiology- 14th Edn.
- Diagnostic Microbiology -Connie R. Mahon & George Manuselis
- Koneman Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology-6th Edn.
- Jawetz Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology- 25th Edn.
- Lippincott’s –Illustrated- review-Microbiology-3rd Edn.
- Mandell’s Infectious Disease-7th Edn.
- Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology – 2nd Edn.
- Text Book of Microbiology -Anantanarayan & Paniker-9th Edn.
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