Introduction of Biochemical Test of Gram-Negative Bacteria
Table of Contents
Gram-negative bacteria are the most common etiological agents which are responsible for bacterial infections as well as viral co-infections. Clinical Microbiology Laboratory generally becomes busy due to those isolates. The need for ‘Biochemical Test of Gram-Negative Bacteria’ is mandatory to identify and isolate those pathogens and hence a group of common clinically relevant Gram-Negative bacterial biochemical reactions is included in a chart.
Common Tests
- Triple sugar iron (TSI) agar Test: This single TSI test is useful for the following features-
- To know the carbohydrate utilization ability of the organisms
- Gas formation by the organisms
- Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production by the bacteria
- Oxidase test
- SIM (Sulfide,Indole,Motility) Test: It helps to isolate the organisms on the basis of sulfide production, indole formation, and motility.
- Citrate or citrate utilization test: A citrate test is used to determine the ability of an organism to utilize sodium citrate as its only carbon source.
- Urease Test or Urea hydrolization Test or Urea Test: It is important for certain bacteria that possess the enzyme urease that hydrolyzes urea releasing ammonia into the medium which produces a change in the pH of the medium that can be detected by the color change in the indicator dye.
- Lactose fermentation and sucrose fermentation test in OF basal medium
List of Organisms
Biochemical tests of clinically relevant bacteria are as follows-
- Escherichia coli
- Escherichia coli (AD group)
- Shigella groups A, B, C
- Shigella sonnei (group D)
- Salmonella Most serotypes
- Salmonella Typhi
- Salmonella Paratyphi A
- Citrobacter freundii
- Citrobacter koseri
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Klebsiella oxytoca
- Enterobacter aerogenes
- Hafnia alvei
- Serratia marcescens
- Proteus mirabilis
- Morganella morganii
- Providencia rettgeri
- Providencia alcalifaciens
- Yersenia enterocolitica
- Edwardsiella tarda
- Vibrio cholerae
- Alcaligenes spp.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Burkholderia Cepacia complex
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
- Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (ABC)
- Acinetobacter lwoffii
Table of Biochemical Reactions of Common Gram-Negative Glucose fermenting and non-fermenting Bacteria
Biochemical Reactions of Common Gram-Negative Glucose fermenting Bacteria
Biochemical reactions of clinically important common Gram-negative glucose-fermenting bacteria are as follows-
| Species | TSI Slant/Butt | Oxidase | Gas | H2S | Motility | Indole | Citrate | Urease | Lactose | Sucrose |
| E. coli | Y/Y | – | + | – | + | + | – | – | + | +/- |
| E. coli (AD group) | R/Y | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Shigella groups A, B, C | R/Y | – | – | – | – | +/- | – | – | – | – |
| S. sonnei | R/Y | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Salmonella Most serotypes | R/Y | – | + | + | + | – | + | – | – | – |
| Salmonella Typhi | R/Y | – | – | + | + | – | – | – | – | – |
| S. Paratyphi A | R/Y | – | + | – | + | – | – | – | – | – |
| C. freundii | R or Y/Y | – | + | +/- | + | – | + | +/- | +/- | +/- |
| C. koseri | R or Y/Y | – | + | – | + | + | + | +/- | +/- | +/- |
| K. pneumoniae | Y/Y | – | ++ | – | – | – | + | + | + | + |
| K. oxytoca | Y/Y | – | ++ | – | – | + | + | + | + | + |
| E. aerogenes | Y/Y | – | ++ | – | + | – | + | – | + | +/- |
| E. cloacae | Y/Y | – | + | – | + | – | + | +/- | + | +/- |
| Hafnia alvei | R/Y | – | + | + | – | – | – | – | – | |
| S. marcescens | Y/Y | – | +/- | – | + | – | + | – | – | + |
| P. mirabilis | R or Y/Y | – | + | + | + | – | +/- | ++ | – | +/- |
| P. vulgaris | Y/Y | – | + | + | + | + | – | ++ | – | + |
| M. morganii | R/Y | – | + | +/- | + | + | +/- | ++ | – | – |
| P. rettgeri | R or Y/Y | – | – | – | + | + | + | ++ | – | +/- |
| P. stuartii | R or Y/Y | – | – | – | + | + | + | +/- | – | +/- |
| P. alcalifaciens | R or Y/Y | – | + | – | + | + | + | – | – | +/- |
| Y. enterocolitica | Y/Y | – | – | – | -(+@22°C) | +/- | – | +/- | – | + |
| E. tarda | R/Y | – | – | + | + | + | – | – | – | – |
| V. cholerae | Y/Y | – | – | – | + | + | +/- | – | -+ slow | + |
Biochemical Reactions of Common Gram-Negative Glucose fermenting Bacteria
Biochemical reactions of Bichemedically important common Gram-negative glucose-non- fermenting bacteria are as follows-
| Species | TSI Slant/Butt | Oxidase | Gas | H2S | Motility | Indole | Citrate | Urease | Lactose | Sucrose |
| Alcaligenes spp. | R/R (NC) | + | – | – | + | – | +/- | – | – | – |
| P. aeruginosa | R/R | + | – | – | + | – | + | +/- | – | – |
| Burkholderia Cepacia complex | R/R | + | – | – | + | – | + | +/- | – | – |
| S. maltophilia | R/R | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – |
| Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (ABC) | R/R | – | – | – | – | – | + | +/- | – | – |
| R/R | – | – | – | – | – | +/- | +/- | – | – |
Keynotes on Biochemical Test of Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Alkalescens-Dispar (AD) group of Escherichia coli are biochemically inactive and non-motile strains of E. coli
- Shigella is classified into four major serological groups and they are -Group A- Shigella dysenteriae, Group B-Shigella flexneri, Group C- Shigella boydii, and Group D-Shigella sonnei.
- Shigella sonnei has only one serotype and it is responsible for most cases of dysentery in developed countries.
- Salmonella Typhi differes from Salmonella Paratyphi in TSI reactions on the basis of H2S production (S. Typhi) and gas formation (S. paratyphi).
- Klebsiella oxytoca is indole postive and K. pneminiae negative.
- Proteus vulgaris is indole positive while P. mirabilis is indole negative.
- Y. enterocolitica is motile at room temperature (22°C).
Footages of Biochemical Test of Gram-Negative Bacteria
Escherichia coli reaction in TSI agar
E. coli biochemical reaction in SIM medium
E. coli biochemical reaction in urea agar
E. coli biochemical reaction in citrate agar
E. coli biochemical tests in TSI, SIM, Citrate and Urea agar Demonstration
Klebsiella pneumoniae biochemical tests in TSI, SIM, Citrate and Urea agar Demonstration
Klebsiella oxytoca biochemical tests in TSI, SIM, Citrate and Urea agar Demonstration
Proteus vulgaris biochemical tests in TSI, SIM, Citrate and Urea agar Demonstration
Proteus mirabilis biochemical tests in MIU, TSI and citrate agar demonstration
Salmonella Typhi Biochemical Tests in TSI, MIU and Citrate Agar Demonstration
Salmonella Paratyphi Biochemical Tests in TSI, SIM, Citrate, and Urea Agar Demonstration
Shigella sonnei biochemical tests in TSI, SIM, Citrate and Urea agar Demonstration
Shigella groups A,B and C biochemical tests in TSI, SIM, Citrate and Urea agar Demonstration
Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (ABC) Biochemical Tests in TSI, SIM, Citrate, and Urea Agar Demonstration
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biochemical Tests in TSI, SIM, Citrate, and Urea Agar Demonstration
Further Reading
- Cowan and Steel’s, manual for the identification of medical bacteria
- Topley and Wilson’s microbiology and microbial infection Topley and Wilson’s microbiology and microbial infection – Bacteriology-2-10th Edn.
- Manual of Clinical Microbiology -Patrick R. Murray -8th Edn.
- Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology -13th Edn
- Mackie & Mc Cartney Practical Medical Microbiology- 14th Edn.
- Diagnostic Microbiology -Connie R. Mahon & George Manuselis
- Koneman Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology-6th Edn.
- Jawetz Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology- 25th Edn.
- Lippincott’s –Illustrated- review-Microbiology-3rd Edn.
- Mandell’s Infectious Disease-7th Edn.
- https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-21-4-337
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/shigella
- Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology – 2nd Edn.
- Text Book of Microbiology -Anantanarayan & Paniker-9th Edn.
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隨著2024年的到來，娛樂城業界正經歷著一場革命性的變遷。這一年，娛樂城不僅僅是賭博和娛樂的代名詞，更成為了科技創新和用戶體驗的集大成者。
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外送茶
外送茶是什麼？禁忌、價格、茶妹等級、術語等..老司機告訴你！
外送茶是什麼？
外送茶、外約、叫小姐是一樣的東西。簡單來說就是在通訊軟體與茶莊聯絡，選好自己喜歡的妹子後，茶莊會像送飲料這樣把妹子派送到您指定的汽車旅館、酒店、飯店等交易地點。您只需要在您指定的地點等待，妹妹到達後，就可以開心的開始一場美麗的約會。
外送茶種類
學生兼職的稱為清新書香茶
日本女孩稱為清涼綠茶
俄羅斯女孩被稱為金酥麻茶
韓國女孩稱為超細滑人參茶
外送茶價格
外送茶的客戶相當廣泛，包括中小企業主、自營商、醫生和各行業的精英，像是工程師等等。在台北和新北地區，他們的消費指數大約在 7000 到 10000 元之間，而在中南部則通常在 4000 到 8000 元之間。
對於一般上班族和藍領階層的客人來說，建議可以考慮稍微低消一點，比如在北部約 6000 元左右，中南部約 4000 元左右。這個價位的茶妹大多是新手兼職，但有潛力。
不同地區的客人可以根據自己的經濟能力和喜好選擇適合自己的價位範圍，以免感到不滿意。物價上漲是一個普遍現象，受到地區和經濟情況等因素的影響，茶莊的成本也在上升，因此價格調整是合理的。
外送茶外約流程
加入LINE：加入外送茶官方LINE，客服隨時為你服務。茶莊一般在中午 12 點到凌晨 3 點營業。
告知所在地區：聯絡客服後，告訴他們約會地點，他們會幫你快速找到附近的茶妹。
溝通閒聊：有任何約妹問題或需要查看妹妹資訊，都能得到詳盡的幫助。
提供預算：告訴客服你的預算，他們會找到最適合你的茶妹。
提早預約：提早預約比較好配合你的空檔時間，也不用怕到時候約不到你想要的茶妹。
外送茶術語
喝茶術語就像是進入茶道的第一步，就像是蓋房子打地基一樣。在這裡，我們將這些外送茶入門術語分類，讓大家能夠清楚地理解，讓喝茶變得更加容易上手。
魚：指的自行接客的小姐，不屬於任何茶莊。
茶：就是指「小姐」的意思，由茶莊安排接客。
定點茶：指由茶莊提供地點，客人再前往指定地點與小姐交易。
外送茶：指的是到小姐到客人指定地點接客。
個工：指的是有專屬工作室自己接客的小姐。
GTO：指雞頭也就是飯店大姊三七茶莊的意思。
摳客妹：只負責找客人請茶莊或代調找美眉。
內機：盤商應召站提供茶園的人。
經紀人：幫內機找美眉的人。
馬伕：外送茶司機又稱教練。
代調：收取固定代調費用的人（只針對同業）。
阿六茶：中國籍女子，賣春的大陸妹。
熱茶、熟茶：年齡比較大、年長、熟女級賣春者（或稱阿姨）。
燙口 / 高溫茶：賣春者年齡過高。
台茶：從事此職業的台灣小姐。
本妹：從事此職業的日本籍小姐。
金絲貓：西方國家的小姐（歐美的、金髮碧眼的那種）。
青茶、青魚：20 歲以下的賣春者。
乳牛：胸部很大的小姐（D 罩杯以上）。
龍、小叮噹、小叮鈴：體型比較肥、胖、臃腫、大隻的小姐。
aml crypto
Summary of Digital Currency Transaction Check and Compliance Solutions
In contemporary crypto industry, maintaining transaction transparency and adherence with Anti-Laundering and Know Your Customer (KYC) rules is essential. Following is an outline of well-known services that offer services for digital asset deal surveillance, verification, and asset security.
1. Token Metrics
Description: Token Metrics delivers cryptocurrency analysis to assess likely risk threats. This solution allows investors to check cryptocurrencies prior to investment to evade likely fraudulent assets. Features:
– Risk analysis.
– Ideal for buyers aiming to steer clear of hazardous or fraud assets.
2. Metamask.Monitory.Center
Description: Metamask.Monitory.Center allows individuals to check their crypto assets for questionable actions and regulatory adherence. Advantages:
– Verifies assets for “cleanliness”.
– Provides notifications about potential asset locks on certain exchanges.
– Delivers thorough results after wallet linking.
3. BestChange.ru
Summary: Best Change is a platform for tracking and validating cryptocurrency transaction deals, providing transparency and deal security. Features:
– Transaction and wallet tracking.
– Restriction screening.
– Web-based platform; compatible with BTC and various other coins.
4. AML Bot
Description: AMLCheck Bot is a investment observer and AML service that employs machine learning methods to detect questionable actions. Advantages:
– Transaction tracking and personal validation.
– Available via internet and chat bot.
– Compatible with digital assets like BSC, BTC, DOGE, and more.
5. AlfaBit
Summary: AlphaBit offers thorough anti-money laundering services tailored for the crypto market, assisting firms and financial institutions in maintaining compliance adherence. Advantages:
– Thorough compliance features and evaluations.
– Adheres to modern security and regulatory guidelines.
6. AMLNode
Description: AMLNode provides AML and identification tools for crypto companies, which includes transfer observing, restriction checks, and analysis. Features:
– Threat evaluation options and compliance validations.
– Valuable for ensuring secure company processes.
7. Btrace.io
Overview: Btrace AML Crypto focuses on asset validation, delivering transfer monitoring, compliance checks, and help if you are a victim of fraud. Benefits:
– Effective help for resource restoration.
– Transaction monitoring and safety tools.
Exclusive USDT Validation Solutions
Our platform also evaluates different services that offer check services for USDT transactions and holdings:
– **USDT TRC20 and ERC20 Check:** Many sites provide thorough checks for USDT deals, aiding in the identification of doubtful activity.
– **AML Verification for USDT:** Options are offered for observing for money laundering transactions.
– **“Cleanliness” Validation for Wallets:** Validation of deal and wallet purity is available to identify possible risks.
**Wrap-up**
Finding the best tool for checking and tracking crypto transfers is essential for guaranteeing safety and regulatory compliance. By consulting our evaluations, you can select the ideal tool for deal observation and resource protection.
일본배대지
메인 서비스: 간편하고 효율적인 배송 및 구매 대행 서비스
1. 대행 서비스 주요 기능
메인 서비스는 고객이 한 번에 필요한 대행 서비스를 신청할 수 있도록 다양한 기능을 제공합니다.
배송대행 신청: 국내외 상품 배송을 대신 처리하며, 효율적인 시스템으로 신속한 배송을 보장합니다.
구매대행 신청: 원하는 상품을 대신 구매해주는 서비스로, 고객의 수고를 줄입니다.
엑셀 대량 등록: 대량 상품을 엑셀로 손쉽게 등록 가능하여 상업 고객의 편의성을 증대합니다.
재고 관리 신청: 창고 보관 및 재고 관리를 통해 물류 과정을 최적화합니다.
2. 고객 지원 시스템
메인 서비스는 사용자 친화적인 접근성을 제공합니다.
유저 가이드: 대행 서비스를 더욱 합리적으로 사용할 수 있도록 세부 안내서를 제공합니다.
운송장 조회: 일본 사가와 등 주요 운송사의 추적 시스템과 연동하여 운송 상황을 실시간으로 확인 가능합니다.
3. 비용 안내와 부가 서비스
비용 계산기: 예상되는 비용을 간편하게 계산해 예산 관리를 돕습니다.
부가 서비스: 교환 및 반품, 폐기 및 검역 지원 등 추가적인 편의 서비스를 제공합니다.
출항 스케줄 확인: 해외 배송의 경우 출항 일정을 사전에 확인 가능하여 배송 계획을 세울 수 있습니다.
4. 공지사항
기본 검수 공지
무료 검수 서비스로 고객의 부담을 줄이며, 보다 철저한 검수가 필요한 경우 유료 정밀 검수 서비스를 권장합니다.
수출허가서 발급 안내
항공과 해운 수출 건에 대한 허가서를 효율적으로 발급받는 방법을 상세히 안내하며, 고객의 요청에 따라 이메일로 전달됩니다.
노데이터 처리 안내
운송장 번호 없는 주문에 대한 새로운 처리 방안을 도입하여, 노데이터 발생 시 관리비가 부과되지만 서비스 품질을 개선합니다.
5. 고객과의 소통
카카오톡 상담: 실시간 상담을 통해 고객의 궁금증을 해결합니다.
공지사항 알림: 서비스 이용 중 필수 정보를 지속적으로 업데이트합니다.
메인 서비스는 고객 만족을 최우선으로 하며, 지속적인 개선과 세심한 관리를 통해 최상의 경험을 제공합니다.
일본배대지
메인 서비스: 간편하고 효율적인 배송 및 구매 대행 서비스
1. 대행 서비스 주요 기능
메인 서비스는 고객이 한 번에 필요한 대행 서비스를 신청할 수 있도록 다양한 기능을 제공합니다.
배송대행 신청: 국내외 상품 배송을 대신 처리하며, 효율적인 시스템으로 신속한 배송을 보장합니다.
구매대행 신청: 원하는 상품을 대신 구매해주는 서비스로, 고객의 수고를 줄입니다.
엑셀 대량 등록: 대량 상품을 엑셀로 손쉽게 등록 가능하여 상업 고객의 편의성을 증대합니다.
재고 관리 신청: 창고 보관 및 재고 관리를 통해 물류 과정을 최적화합니다.
2. 고객 지원 시스템
메인 서비스는 사용자 친화적인 접근성을 제공합니다.
유저 가이드: 대행 서비스를 더욱 합리적으로 사용할 수 있도록 세부 안내서를 제공합니다.
운송장 조회: 일본 사가와 등 주요 운송사의 추적 시스템과 연동하여 운송 상황을 실시간으로 확인 가능합니다.
3. 비용 안내와 부가 서비스
비용 계산기: 예상되는 비용을 간편하게 계산해 예산 관리를 돕습니다.
부가 서비스: 교환 및 반품, 폐기 및 검역 지원 등 추가적인 편의 서비스를 제공합니다.
출항 스케줄 확인: 해외 배송의 경우 출항 일정을 사전에 확인 가능하여 배송 계획을 세울 수 있습니다.
4. 공지사항
기본 검수 공지
무료 검수 서비스로 고객의 부담을 줄이며, 보다 철저한 검수가 필요한 경우 유료 정밀 검수 서비스를 권장합니다.
수출허가서 발급 안내
항공과 해운 수출 건에 대한 허가서를 효율적으로 발급받는 방법을 상세히 안내하며, 고객의 요청에 따라 이메일로 전달됩니다.
노데이터 처리 안내
운송장 번호 없는 주문에 대한 새로운 처리 방안을 도입하여, 노데이터 발생 시 관리비가 부과되지만 서비스 품질을 개선합니다.
5. 고객과의 소통
카카오톡 상담: 실시간 상담을 통해 고객의 궁금증을 해결합니다.
공지사항 알림: 서비스 이용 중 필수 정보를 지속적으로 업데이트합니다.
메인 서비스는 고객 만족을 최우선으로 하며, 지속적인 개선과 세심한 관리를 통해 최상의 경험을 제공합니다.
일본 소비세 환급, 네오리아와 함께라면 간편하고 안전하게
일본 소비세 환급은 복잡하고 까다로운 절차로 많은 구매대행 셀러들이 어려움을 겪는 분야입니다. 네오리아는 다년간의 경험과 전문성을 바탕으로 신뢰할 수 있는 서비스를 제공하며, 일본 소비세 환급 과정을 쉽고 효율적으로 처리합니다.
1. 일본 소비세 환급의 필요성과 네오리아의 역할
네오리아는 일본 현지 법인을 설립하지 않아도 합법적인 방식으로 소비세 환급을 받을 수 있는 솔루션을 제공합니다. 이를 통해:
한국 개인사업자와 법인 사업자 모두 간편하게 환급 절차를 진행할 수 있습니다.
일본의 복잡한 서류 심사를 최소화하고, 현지 로컬 세리사와 협력하여 최적의 결과를 보장합니다.
2. 소비세 환급의 주요 특징
일본 연고가 없어도 가능: 일본에 사업자가 없더라도 네오리아는 신뢰할 수 있는 서비스를 통해 소비세 환급을 지원합니다.
서류 작성 걱정 해결: 잘못된 서류 제출로 환급이 거절될까 걱정될 필요 없습니다. 네오리아의 전문 대응팀이 모든 과정을 정밀하게 관리합니다.
현지 법인 운영자를 위한 추가 지원: 일본 내 개인사업자나 법인 운영자에게는 세무 감사와 이슈 대응까지 포함된 고급 서비스를 제공합니다.
3. 네오리아 서비스의 장점
전문성과 신뢰성: 정부로부터 인정받은 투명성과 세무 분야의 우수한 성과를 자랑합니다.
맞춤형 서포트: 다양한 사례를 통해 쌓은 경험으로 고객이 예상치 못한 어려움까지 미리 해결합니다.
로컬 업체에서 불가능한 고급 서비스: 한국인 고객을 위해 정확하고 간편한 세무회계 및 소비세 환급 서비스를 제공합니다.
4. 네오리아가 제공하는 혜택
시간 절약: 복잡한 절차와 서류 준비 과정을 전문가가 대신 처리합니다.
안심 환급: 철저한 관리와 세심한 대응으로 안전하게 환급을 받을 수 있습니다.
추가 서비스: 세무감사와 이슈 발생 시 즉각적인 지원으로 사업의 연속성을 보장합니다.
네오리아는 소비세 환급이 복잡하고 어렵다고 느껴지는 고객들에게 최적의 길잡이가 되어드립니다. 신뢰를 바탕으로 한 전문적인 서비스로, 더 이상 소비세 환급 문제로 고민하지 마세요!
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