Introduction
Table of Contents
The genus Klebsiella is from the surname of German-Swiss microbiologist Edwin Klebs (1834–1913). Klebsiella is a member of the family, Enterobacteriaceae and it is a Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, fimbriated, non -motile, non-sporing rod-shaped bacterium with a prominent polysaccharide-based capsule and having a size of 0.5 to 0.8 µm wide to 1-2 µm. It is found everywhere in nature and also in bacterial flora in our intestines. It may cause severe bronchopneumonia, urinary tract infections, nosocomial infections, wound infections, septicemia, meningitis, and rarely diarrhea too. Subspecies of Klebsiella pneumoniae are Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies ozaenae, Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies pneumoniae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies rhinoscleromatis.
Identification Features of Klebsiella pneumoniae
| Basic Features | Properties |
| 1. Gram Staining | Gram-Negative Rods (GNRs) |
| 2. Spore | Non-Sporing |
| 3. Capsule | Positive |
| 4. Motility | Negative (Non-motile) |
| 5. Pigment | Negative |
| 6. Growth in potassium cyanide (KCN) medium | Positive |
| 7. Catalase test | Positive |
| 8. Oxidase test | Negative |
| 9. Nitrate reduction test | Positive |
| 10. MR (Methyl Red) test | Negative |
| 11. VP (Voges- Proskauer) assay | Positive |
| 12. OF (Oxidative-Fermentative) test | Fermentative |
| 13. Gas | Positive |
| 14. H2S production | Negative |
| 15. Indole formation | Negative |
| 16. Urease/ urea hydrolysis test | Positive |
| 17. Citrate/ citrate utilization | Positive |
| 18. DNase test | Negative |
| 19. Glucose fermentation | Positive |
| 20. Maltose fermentation | Positive |
| 21. Lactose fermentation | Positive |
| 22. Sucrose fermentation | Positive |
| 23. Xylose fermentation | Positive |
| 24. Mannitol fermentation | Positive |
| 25. Acetate Utilization | Variable |
| 26. ONPG (β-galactosidase) | Positive |
| 27. Phenylalanine Deaminase (PDA)/PPA Test | Negative |
| 28. Lipase test | Negative |
| 29. Esculin Hydrolysis test | Positive |
| 30. Lysine Decarboxylase Test | Positive |
| 31. Ornithine Decarboxylase Test | Negative |
| 32. Arginine Dihydrolase Test | Negative |
Klebsiella Footages
K. pneumoniae of blood sample growth in BHI broth
K. pneumoniae colony characteristics on nutrient agar
K. pneumoniae colony morphology on MacConkey agar
K. pneumoniae biochemical tests in TSI, SIM, Citrate and Urea agar
Mucoid lactose fermenting colony of K. pneumoniae on MacConkey agar
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) Pattern of K. pneumoniae showing MDR
Turbid urine of UTI patient having numerous pus cells and non- motile bacteria
Pus cells and bacteria in urine microscopy at a high magnification
K. pneumoniae growth on blood agar
Klebsiella pneumoniae growth on MacConkey medium
Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Gram staining of culture
Klebsiella pneumoniae biochemical reactions in MIU, TSI and citrate agar
Antibiogram of K. pneumoniae isolated from urine specimen
K. pneumoniae in polychrome Loeffler methylene blue wet mount microscopy at high magnification
K. pneumoniae capsule in negative staining
Further Reading
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/klebsiella-pneumoniae
- https://universe84a.com/klebsiella-pneumoniae/
- Cowan & Steel’s Manual for identification of Medical Bacteria. Editors: G.I. Barron & R.K. Felthani, 3rd ed 1993, Publisher Cambridge University Press.
- Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology. Editors: Bettey A. Forbes, Daniel F. Sahm & Alice S. Weissfeld, 12th ed 2007, Publisher Elsevier.
- Mackie and Mc Cartney Practical Medical Microbiology. Editors: J.G. Colle, A.G. Fraser, B.P. Marmion, A. Simmous, 4th ed, Publisher Churchill Living Stone, New York, Melborne, Sans Franscisco 1996.
- Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. Editors: Connie R. Mahon, Donald G. Lehman & George Manuselis, 3rd edition2007, Publisher Elsevier.
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2024娛樂城的創新趨勢
隨著2024年的到來，娛樂城業界正經歷著一場革命性的變遷。這一年，娛樂城不僅僅是賭博和娛樂的代名詞，更成為了科技創新和用戶體驗的集大成者。
首先，2024年的娛樂城極大地融合了最新的技術。增強現實（AR）和虛擬現實（VR）技術的引入，為玩家提供了沉浸式的賭博體驗。這種全新的遊戲方式不僅帶來視覺上的震撼，還為玩家創造了一種置身於真實賭場的感覺，而實際上他們可能只是坐在家中的沙發上。
其次，人工智能（AI）在娛樂城中的應用也達到了新高度。AI技術不僅用於增強遊戲的公平性和透明度，還在個性化玩家體驗方面發揮著重要作用。從個性化遊戲推薦到智能客服，AI的應用使得娛樂城更能滿足玩家的個別需求。
此外，線上娛樂城的安全性和隱私保護也獲得了顯著加強。隨著技術的進步，更加先進的加密技術和安全措施被用來保護玩家的資料和交易，從而確保一個安全可靠的遊戲環境。
2024年的娛樂城還強調負責任的賭博。許多平台採用了各種工具和資源來幫助玩家控制他們的賭博行為，如設置賭注限制、自我排除措施等，體現了對可持續賭博的承諾。
總之，2024年的娛樂城呈現出一個高度融合了技術、安全和負責任賭博的行業新面貌，為玩家提供了前所未有的娛樂體驗。隨著這些趨勢的持續發展，我們可以預見，娛樂城將不斷地創新和進步，為玩家帶來更多精彩和安全的娛樂選擇。
2024娛樂城的創新趨勢
隨著2024年的到來，娛樂城業界正經歷著一場革命性的變遷。這一年，娛樂城不僅僅是賭博和娛樂的代名詞，更成為了科技創新和用戶體驗的集大成者。
首先，2024年的娛樂城極大地融合了最新的技術。增強現實（AR）和虛擬現實（VR）技術的引入，為玩家提供了沉浸式的賭博體驗。這種全新的遊戲方式不僅帶來視覺上的震撼，還為玩家創造了一種置身於真實賭場的感覺，而實際上他們可能只是坐在家中的沙發上。
其次，人工智能（AI）在娛樂城中的應用也達到了新高度。AI技術不僅用於增強遊戲的公平性和透明度，還在個性化玩家體驗方面發揮著重要作用。從個性化遊戲推薦到智能客服，AI的應用使得娛樂城更能滿足玩家的個別需求。
此外，線上娛樂城的安全性和隱私保護也獲得了顯著加強。隨著技術的進步，更加先進的加密技術和安全措施被用來保護玩家的資料和交易，從而確保一個安全可靠的遊戲環境。
2024年的娛樂城還強調負責任的賭博。許多平台採用了各種工具和資源來幫助玩家控制他們的賭博行為，如設置賭注限制、自我排除措施等，體現了對可持續賭博的承諾。
總之，2024年的娛樂城呈現出一個高度融合了技術、安全和負責任賭博的行業新面貌，為玩家提供了前所未有的娛樂體驗。隨著這些趨勢的持續發展，我們可以預見，娛樂城將不斷地創新和進步，為玩家帶來更多精彩和安全的娛樂選擇。
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Мы строим не просто дома, мы создаем пространство, где каждый уголок будет наполнен комфортом и радостью жизни. Наш приоритет – не просто предоставить место для проживания, а создать настоящий дом, где вы будете чувствовать себя счастливыми и уютно.
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С Домами АВС создайте свой уютный уголок, где каждый момент жизни будет наполнен радостью и удовлетворением
Деревянные дома под ключ
Дома АВС – Ваш уютный уголок
Мы строим не просто дома, мы создаем пространство, где каждый уголок будет наполнен комфортом и радостью жизни. Наш приоритет – не просто предоставить место для проживания, а создать настоящий дом, где вы будете чувствовать себя счастливыми и уютно.
В нашем информационном разделе “ПРОЕКТЫ” вы всегда найдете вдохновение и новые идеи для строительства вашего будущего дома. Мы постоянно работаем над тем, чтобы предложить вам самые инновационные и стильные проекты.
Мы убеждены, что основа хорошего дома – это его дизайн. Поэтому мы предоставляем услуги опытных дизайнеров-архитекторов, которые помогут вам воплотить все ваши идеи в жизнь. Наши архитекторы и персональные консультанты всегда готовы поделиться своим опытом и предложить функциональные и комфортные решения для вашего будущего дома.
Мы стремимся сделать весь процесс строительства максимально комфортным для вас. Наша команда предоставляет детализированные сметы, разрабатывает четкие этапы строительства и осуществляет контроль качества на каждом этапе.
Для тех, кто ценит экологичность и близость к природе, мы предлагаем деревянные дома премиум-класса. Используя клееный брус и оцилиндрованное бревно, мы создаем уникальные и здоровые условия для вашего проживания.
Тем, кто предпочитает надежность и многообразие форм, мы предлагаем дома из камня, блоков и кирпичной кладки.
Для практичных и ценящих свое время людей у нас есть быстровозводимые каркасные дома и эконом-класса. Эти решения обеспечат вас комфортным проживанием в кратчайшие сроки.
С Домами АВС создайте свой уютный уголок, где каждый момент жизни будет наполнен радостью и удовлетворением
Understanding the processes and protocols within a Professional Tenure Committee (PTC) is crucial for faculty members. This Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) guide aims to address common queries related to PTC procedures, voting, and membership.
1. Why should members of the PTC fill out vote justification forms explaining their votes?
Vote justification forms provide transparency in decision-making. Members articulate their reasoning, fostering a culture of openness and ensuring that decisions are well-founded and understood by the academic community.
2. How can absentee ballots be cast?
To accommodate absentee voting, PTCs may implement secure electronic methods or designated proxy voters. This ensures that faculty members who cannot physically attend meetings can still contribute to decision-making processes.
3. How will additional members of PTCs be elected in departments with fewer than four tenured faculty members?
In smaller departments, creative solutions like rotating roles or involving faculty from related disciplines can be explored. Flexibility in election procedures ensures representation even in departments with fewer tenured faculty members.
4. Can a faculty member on OCSA or FML serve on a PTC?
Faculty members involved in other committees like the Organization of Committee on Student Affairs (OCSA) or Family and Medical Leave (FML) can serve on a PTC, but potential conflicts of interest should be carefully considered and managed.
5. Can an abstention vote be cast at a PTC meeting?
Yes, PTC members have the option to abstain from voting if they feel unable to take a stance on a particular matter. This allows for ethical decision-making and prevents uninformed voting.
6. What constitutes a positive or negative vote in PTCs?
A positive vote typically indicates approval or agreement, while a negative vote signifies disapproval or disagreement. Clear definitions and guidelines within each PTC help members interpret and cast their votes accurately.
7. What constitutes a quorum in a PTC?
A quorum, the minimum number of members required for a valid meeting, is essential for decision-making. Specific rules about quorum size are usually outlined in the PTC’s governing documents.
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Understanding the processes and protocols within a Professional Tenure Committee (PTC) is crucial for faculty members. This Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) guide aims to address common queries related to PTC procedures, voting, and membership.
1. Why should members of the PTC fill out vote justification forms explaining their votes?
Vote justification forms provide transparency in decision-making. Members articulate their reasoning, fostering a culture of openness and ensuring that decisions are well-founded and understood by the academic community.
2. How can absentee ballots be cast?
To accommodate absentee voting, PTCs may implement secure electronic methods or designated proxy voters. This ensures that faculty members who cannot physically attend meetings can still contribute to decision-making processes.
3. How will additional members of PTCs be elected in departments with fewer than four tenured faculty members?
In smaller departments, creative solutions like rotating roles or involving faculty from related disciplines can be explored. Flexibility in election procedures ensures representation even in departments with fewer tenured faculty members.
4. Can a faculty member on OCSA or FML serve on a PTC?
Faculty members involved in other committees like the Organization of Committee on Student Affairs (OCSA) or Family and Medical Leave (FML) can serve on a PTC, but potential conflicts of interest should be carefully considered and managed.
5. Can an abstention vote be cast at a PTC meeting?
Yes, PTC members have the option to abstain from voting if they feel unable to take a stance on a particular matter. This allows for ethical decision-making and prevents uninformed voting.
6. What constitutes a positive or negative vote in PTCs?
A positive vote typically indicates approval or agreement, while a negative vote signifies disapproval or disagreement. Clear definitions and guidelines within each PTC help members interpret and cast their votes accurately.
7. What constitutes a quorum in a PTC?
A quorum, the minimum number of members required for a valid meeting, is essential for decision-making. Specific rules about quorum size are usually outlined in the PTC’s governing documents.
Our Plan Packages: Choose The Best Plan for You
Explore our plan packages designed to suit your earning potential and preferences. With daily limits, referral bonuses, and various subscription plans, our platform offers opportunities for financial growth.
Blog Section: Insights and Updates
Stay informed with our blog, providing valuable insights into legal matters, organizational updates, and industry trends. Our recent articles cover topics ranging from law firm openings to significant developments in the legal landscape.
Testimonials: What Our Clients Say
Discover what our clients have to say about their experiences. Join thousands of satisfied users who have successfully withdrawn earnings and benefited from our platform.
Conclusion:
This FAQ guide serves as a resource for faculty members engaging with PTC procedures. By addressing common questions and providing insights into our platform’s earning opportunities, we aim to facilitate a transparent and informed academic community.
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