Top 10 Viral Pathogens- List with Short Descriptions, and Footage

List of Top 10 Viral Pathogens

  1. Influenza Virus (Flu Virus)
  2. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
  3. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
  4. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
  5. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 Virus)
  6. Dengue Virus
  7. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
  8. Rabies Virus
  9. Measles Virus
  10. Zika Virus

Short Description of Top 10 Viral Pathogens

1. Influenza Virus (Flu Virus)

  • The influenza virus causes seasonal flu outbreaks worldwide. Since it mutates rapidly, new strains emerge frequently.
  • Doctors classify influenza into A, B, C, and D types—moreover, influenza A and B cause most human infections.
  • Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, and fatigue. Because it spreads via respiratory droplets, prevention relies on vaccination and hygiene.

2. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

  • HIV weakens the immune system by targeting CD4 cells. Since it progresses slowly, untreated cases develop into AIDS.
  • Transmission occurs through blood, sexual contact, or mother-to-child transmission. For this reason, safe practices reduce risk.
  • Doctors manage HIV with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus, early treatment improves life expectancy.

3. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

  • HBV causes liver infections, leading to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Because it spreads via blood and body fluids, prevention is key.
  • Vaccination remains the best defense against HBV. Moreover, antiviral therapy helps manage chronic cases.
  • Since HBV persists in the liver, long-term monitoring is essential. Thus, early detection improves outcomes.

4. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

  • HCV primarily affects the liver, leading to chronic infections. Since it spreads through blood contact, injection drug use remains a major risk factor.
  • Many cases remain undiagnosed due to mild symptoms. For this reason, screening programs identify infections early.
  • Doctors cure HCV with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Thus, effective treatment eliminates the virus in most cases.

5. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 Virus)

  • SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, leading to respiratory complications. Because it spreads rapidly, global outbreaks occur.
  • Symptoms range from mild cough to severe pneumonia. Moreover, some cases progress to multi-organ failure.
  • Vaccination reduces severe outcomes. Thus, widespread immunization remains crucial for pandemic control.

6. Dengue Virus

  • Dengue virus spreads through Aedes mosquito bites. Since it thrives in tropical regions, outbreaks occur seasonally.
  • Symptoms include high fever, joint pain, and skin rash. Because severe dengue leads to hemorrhagic fever, hospitalization is sometimes necessary.
  • Mosquito control remains the best prevention method. Furthermore, vaccine development continues.

7. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

  • HPV causes genital warts and cervical cancer. Because it spreads through skin contact, vaccination prevents most infections.
  • There are over 100 HPV types. Moreover, high-risk strains increase cancer risk.
  • Doctors recommend HPV vaccination for adolescents. Thus, early immunization lowers cancer rates.

8. Rabies Virus

  • Rabies affects the nervous system, leading to fatal encephalitis. Since it spreads through infected animal bites, prevention is vital.
  • Symptoms include fever, agitation, and paralysis. Because rabies progresses rapidly, early intervention is crucial.
  • Post-exposure vaccination prevents disease onset. Thus, immediate medical care after bites saves lives.

9. Measles Virus

  • Measles causes high fever, rash, and pneumonia. Since it spreads via respiratory droplets, outbreaks occur in unvaccinated populations.
  • Complications include brain inflammation and immune suppression. For this reason, routine vaccination remains essential.
  • The MMR vaccine prevents measles. Thus, immunization campaigns reduce global cases.

10. Zika Virus

  • Zika virus spreads through mosquito bites, causing fever and joint pain. Since it also leads to birth defects, pregnant women require extra precautions.
  • Infections during pregnancy result in microcephaly in newborns. For this reason, public health measures focus on mosquito control.
  • No specific antiviral treatment exists. Thus, prevention remains the best strategy.

Footage of Top 10 Viral Pathogens

Influenza Virus (Flu Virus) Egg Inoculation Technique

Scientists use embryonated chicken eggs to propagate influenza viruses. Since eggs provide a controlled environment, viral replication remains efficient. They select 9- to 11-day-old embryonated eggs for inoculation. Because embryos support viral growth, this stage ensures optimal results. The eggs are disinfected before inoculation. Moreover, sterile conditions prevent contamination. A small hole is made in the eggshell using a sterile needle. For this reason, the virus is directly introduced into the allantoic cavity. After inoculation, eggs are incubated at 35–37°C. Since this temperature supports viral replication, incubation lasts 48–72 hours. Scientists monitor embryo viability during incubation. Furthermore, dead embryos indicate successful viral growth.

After incubation, they harvest allantoic fluid containing the virus. Thus, further analysis and vaccine production proceed. Researchers confirm viral presence through hemagglutination assays. Because influenza binds red blood cells, these tests ensure successful replication. Egg inoculation remains essential for influenza research and vaccine development. Therefore, it plays a critical role in public health.

Influenza Virus (Flu Virus) Egg Inoculation Technique
Fig. Influenza Virus (Flu Virus) Egg Inoculation Technique

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) TRI DOT Test-Positive (left device) and Negative(right device)

The HIV TRI DOT test detects antibodies against HIV. Since it is a rapid test, results appear within minutes. A positive result (left device) shows two distinct dots. Because both control and test lines appear, the patient is HIV-reactive. A negative result (right device) displays only the control dot. For this reason, no HIV antibodies are detected in the sample. Doctors request TRI DOT assay as a screening test. Moreover, confirmatory testing follows reactive cases. Because early diagnosis improves HIV management, timely testing remains essential. Thus, patients receive appropriate counseling and care.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) TRI DOT Test-Positive (left device) and Negative(right device)
Fig. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) TRI DOT Test-Positive (left device) and Negative(right device)

ELISA for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Reactive (well-3rd)

The HIV ELISA test detects antibodies against HIV. Since it is highly sensitive, it serves as a primary screening method. A reactive result (Well-3rd) shows a strong color change. Because the sample contains HIV antibodies, the test detects their presence. Non-reactive wells remain colorless or show minimal change. For this reason, negative samples lack detectable antibodies. Doctors confirm reactive ELISA results with Western blot or PCR tests. Moreover, additional testing ensures accuracy. Because early detection enables timely intervention, HIV screening remains crucial. Thus, proper diagnosis leads to effective management.

ELISA for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Reactive (well-3rd)
Fig. ELISA for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Reactive (well-3rd)

Western Blot- Positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

The Western Blot test confirms HIV infection by detecting specific viral proteins. Since it provides high specificity, it follows reactive ELISA results. A positive result shows multiple distinct bands corresponding to HIV proteins. Because the presence of gp160, gp120, gp41, p24, or p31 bands confirms infection, further evaluation follows. Doctors rely on this test for final diagnosis. Moreover, laboratories ensure accuracy through strict interpretation guidelines. Because false positives are rare, confirmatory testing is crucial. Thus, a positive Western Blot result indicates the need for medical intervention and counseling.

Western Blot- Positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Fig. Western Blot- Positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

CD4 Cell count of AIDS patient using flow cytometer

Doctors measure CD4 cell count using a flow cytometer to assess immune function in AIDS patients. Since HIV attacks CD4 cells, low counts indicate disease progression. The flow cytometer detects and quantifies CD4 cells in a blood sample. Because CD4 counts below 200 cells/µL define AIDS, regular monitoring remains essential. Fluorescent markers bind to CD4 cells, allowing precise measurement. Moreover, flow cytometry provides rapid and accurate results. Because timely intervention improves outcomes, doctors adjust antiretroviral therapy based on CD4 trends. Thus, this test plays a crucial role in HIV/AIDS management.

CD4 Cell count of AIDS patient using flow cytometer
CD4 Cell count of AIDS patient using flow cytometer

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen(HBsAg) Quick Test-Reactive

The HBsAg quick test detects Hepatitis B surface antigen in blood samples. Since HBsAg appears early in infection, detection indicates active Hepatitis B. A reactive result shows two distinct lines on the test strip. Because this confirms the presence of HBsAg, further evaluation follows. Doctors perform additional tests to determine viral load and liver function. Moreover, early detection helps prevent disease progression. Because Hepatitis B spreads through blood and body fluids, timely diagnosis ensures appropriate management. Thus, a reactive HBsAg test requires medical follow-up and possible antiviral treatment.

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen(HBsAg) Quick Test-Reactive
Fig. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen(HBsAg) Quick Test-Reactive

ELISA for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen(HBsAg) Test-Reactive

The HBsAg ELISA test detects Hepatitis B surface antigen in blood samples. Since HBsAg indicates active infection, a reactive result confirms Hepatitis B. A positive test shows a strong color change in the well. Because this signals viral presence, further tests determine liver function and viral load. Doctors use ELISA for screening and diagnosis. Moreover, confirmatory tests ensure accurate interpretation. Because early detection prevents complications, timely medical intervention remains essential. Thus, a reactive HBsAg ELISA result requires clinical evaluation and possible antiviral treatment.

ELISA for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen(HBsAg) Test-Reactive
Fig. ELISA for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen(HBsAg) Test-Reactive

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Card Test-Positive

The HCV card test detects antibodies against Hepatitis C virus. Since antibodies indicate exposure, a positive result suggests infection. A reactive test shows two visible lines on the strip. Because this confirms HCV antibodies, further testing is required. Doctors perform PCR to detect viral RNA. Moreover, early diagnosis helps prevent liver complications. Thus, a positive HCV card test requires medical follow-up.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Card Test-Positive
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Card Test-Positive

ELISA for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Test-Reactive

The HCV ELISA test detects antibodies against Hepatitis C virus. Since antibodies indicate exposure, a reactive result suggests infection. A positive test shows a strong color change in the well. Because this confirms HCV antibodies, further testing is necessary. Doctors perform HCV RNA PCR to detect active infection. Moreover, early diagnosis helps prevent liver disease. Thus, a reactive HCV ELISA test requires medical evaluation.

ELISA for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Test-Reactive
Fig. ELISA for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Test-Reactive

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) tri-dot Test-Positive

The HCV TRI-DOT test detects antibodies against Hepatitis C virus. Since antibodies indicate exposure, a positive result suggests infection. A reactive test shows two visible dots on the device. Because this confirms HCV antibodies, further testing is required. Doctors perform HCV RNA PCR to detect active infection. Moreover, early diagnosis prevents complications. Thus, a positive HCV TRI-DOT test requires medical follow-up.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) tri-dot Test-Positive
Fig. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) tri-dot Test-Positive

SARS-COV-2 Antigen Test for COVID-19-Positive

The SARS-CoV-2 antigen test detects viral proteins in nasal or throat swabs. Since it identifies active infection, a positive result confirms COVID-19. A reactive test shows two lines on the strip. Because this indicates viral presence, isolation and monitoring are necessary. Doctors recommend RT-PCR for confirmation. Moreover, early detection helps prevent transmission. Thus, a positive antigen test requires immediate precautions.

SARS-COV-2 Antigen Test for COVID-19-Positive
SARS-COV-2 Antigen Test for COVID-19-Positive

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) Anybody Test-Negative (upper device) Positive (lower device)

The SARS-CoV-2 antibody test detects immune response to COVID-19. Since antibodies indicate past infection, a positive result confirms exposure. The upper device shows a single control line, indicating a negative result. Because no antibodies are detected, prior infection is unlikely. The lower device shows two distinct lines, confirming a positive result. Moreover, this suggests previous infection or vaccination response. Thus, further evaluation may be needed based on symptoms.

SARS-COV-2 Anybody Test-Negative (upper device) Positive (lower device)
Fig. SARS-COV-2 Anybody Test-Negative (upper device) Positive (lower device)

Viral Transport Media (VTM) used in COVID-19 Diagnosis

The Viral Transport Media (VTM) preserves SARS-CoV-2 samples for testing. Since RNA degrades quickly, VTM stabilizes viral integrity. Collected swabs are immersed in VTM, ensuring sample viability. Because proper storage prevents contamination, refrigeration is required. Doctors use VTM for RT-PCR and antigen testing. Moreover, it enables safe transportation to laboratories. Thus, VTM plays a crucial role in accurate COVID-19 diagnosis.

Viral Transport Media (VTM) used in COVID-19 Diagnosis
Fig. Viral Transport Media (VTM) used in COVID-19 Diagnosis

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) Nucleic Acid (RNA) Extraction for RT-PCR

Laboratories extract SARS-CoV-2 RNA from patient samples for RT-PCR testing. Since RNA is fragile, proper handling ensures accuracy. Technicians lyse the sample to release RNA. Because inhibitors can affect results, purification steps are essential. Automated systems or manual kits isolate viral RNA. Moreover, purified RNA is stored at low temperatures to maintain stability. Thus, reliable RNA extraction enables accurate COVID-19 diagnosis through RT-PCR.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) Nucleic Acid (RNA) Extraction for RT-PCR
Fig. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) Nucleic Acid (RNA) Extraction for RT-PCR

Dengue NS1 antigen, IgM, and IgG antibodies rapid test- NS1 antigen positive and antibodies-negative

The Dengue rapid test detects NS1 antigen and dengue antibodies. Since NS1 appears early, a positive result confirms acute infection. The test strip shows a reactive NS1 line. Because IgM and IgG remain negative, no past infection or immunity is detected. Doctors diagnose early dengue infection based on NS1 positivity. Moreover, further monitoring is required. Thus, early detection helps initiate timely treatment.

Dengue NS1 antigen, IgM and IgG antibodies rapid test- NS1 antigen positive and antibodies-negative
Fig. Dengue NS1 antigen, IgM, and IgG antibodies rapid test- NS1 antigen positive and antibodies-negative

A dengue patient in a hospital bed

A dengue patient rests on a hospital bed, receiving IV fluids. Since dehydration is common, fluid management remains essential. Doctors monitor vital signs closely. Because dengue can cause complications, regular assessment ensures timely intervention. The patient appears weak but stable. Moreover, supportive care helps recovery. Thus, hospitalization prevents severe outcomes.

A dengue patient rests on a hospital bed, receiving intravenous saline therapy, while medical staff monitoring his recovery with care and precision
Fig. A dengue patient resting on a hospital bed, receiving intravenous saline therapy, while medical staff monitoring his recovery with care and precision (Note: Consent has been obtained to upload this image.)

Enriched with Papaya (Carica papaya) and Tulsi (Ocimum santum) C-PILL TABLETS

The dengue patient received C-PILL tablets enriched with Papaya and Tulsi. Since dengue lowers platelets, supplementation aids recovery. Papaya extract boosts platelet production. Because Tulsi enhances immunity, it supports faster healing. Doctors observed a gradual increase in platelet count. Moreover, symptoms improved with continued use. Thus, C-PILL contributed to better recovery.

Enriched with Papaya (Carica papaya) and Tulsi (Ocimum santum) C-PILL TABLETS-Helped to increase platelet count of  this dengue patient
Fig. Enriched with Papaya (Carica papaya) and Tulsi (Ocimum santum) C-PILL TABLETS-Helped to increase platelet count of this dengue patient

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genes (HPV 16, HPV 18, and others) detection using Real-Time PCR

The Real-Time PCR test detects HPV 16, HPV 18, and other high-risk HPV types. Since HPV causes cervical cancer, early detection is crucial. DNA is extracted from patient samples for amplification. Because fluorescent probes target specific genes, real-time monitoring ensures accuracy. Doctors analyze Ct values to determine viral load. Moreover, high-risk HPV detection guides preventive measures. Thus, timely screening helps reduce cancer risk.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genes (HPV 16, HPV 18, and  other) detection using Real-Time PCR
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genes (HPV 16, HPV 18, and others) detection using Real-Time PCR

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