Throat Swab Gram stain: Introduction, Report-Interpretation, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in throat swab Gram stain photomicrograph at a magnification of 4000X

Introduction A throat swab Gram stain is a rapid, initial diagnostic test performed on specimens collected from the oropharynx or tonsillar region. It helps to identify bacterial flora, pathogens, and inflammatory response. While culture and molecular methods provide definitive diagnosis, Gram staining offers early guidance …

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Urine Microscopy: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Findings, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

Epithelial Cells in Urine Microscopy at 1600X Magnification

Introduction Urine microscopy is a laboratory diagnostic method used to examine the microscopic components of urine sediment. It helps detect cells, crystals, casts, microorganisms, and other formed elements. This test is critical in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs), renal diseases, systemic disorders, and …

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Urine Analysis: Introduction, List of Tests, Unit and Normal Range

Urine analysis - a step of urine microscopy showing Urine of UTI patient plenty of pus cells( dead neutrophils) and bacteria

Introduction Urine analysis is the broad term of laboratory medicine that deals with a variety of urine tests pertaining to our body. The tests are non-invasive, easy to perform even in a simple laboratory setup. Its application is mandatory to manage a wide range of …

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