Bacteria

Scrub Typhus Antibody Test-Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result Interpretation, Test Result, Test Method, Limitations, and Keynotes

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Scrub Typhus Antibody Test-Negative and Positive Results

Introduction of Scrub Typhus  Scrub typhus and typhoid are quite different but common thing is that both cover fever. Scrub typhus also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by the intracellular parasite, Orientia ( formerly Rickettsia)  tsutsugamushi and typhoid by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Both causative agents are bacteria. Scrub …

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MR-VP Test: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirement, Procedure, Result- Interpretation, and Keynotes

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Result and Interpretation of Voges Proskauer Test

Introduction of MR-VP Test MR-VP test stands for Methyl Red –Voges Proskauer Test. MR-VP test will be discussed in two tests separately. One is for Methyl Red (MR) test and while other is for Voges Proskauer (VP)test. Introduction of Methyl Red Test The Methyl Red test is …

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Voges Proskauer Test: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Test Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Positive and Negative Bacteria, and Limitations

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Voges Proskauer Test Reagents, Negative and Positive Test Results of VP Tests

Voges-Proskauer (VP ) Test Voges Proskauer  test for identification to the species level of the following groups of organisms Principle of Voges Proskauer Test Organisms utilizing the butylene glycol pathway produce acetylmethylcarbinol (acetoin) and butanediol, neutral end products that raise the pH towards neutrality (pH …

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Methyl Red Test: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Test Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Positive and Negative Bacteria, and Limitations

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Methyl Red Test-Positive and Negative Test Results

Introduction of Methyl Red Test The Methyl Red test is for enteric gram-negative rods, as part of identification to species level. Its short name is MR test. Principle of Methyl Red Test The methyl red (MR) test uses to determine if an organism is able …

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Auramine-Phenol Fluorochrome Staining: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Test Procedure, Result- Interpretation, Limitations, and Keynotes

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Acid fast bacilli (AFB) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Auramine-phenol fluorochrome Staining

Introduction of Auramine-Phenol stain Auramine-Phenol is a fluorochrome stain used to visualize acid-fast structures of various microorganisms, especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in modified form for Mycobacterium leprae, Nocardia species, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis , Isospora belli, and fungal spores. Ziehl-Neelsen (hot), and Kinyoun (cold) are still widely used methods to detect acid-fast structures …

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ADA (Adenosine Deaminase) Test: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Normal Range, and Clinical Significance

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ADA (Adenosine Deaminase) Test Reading in Spectrophotometer

Introduction of ADA (Adenosine Deaminase) Test ADA (Adenosine Deaminase) Test is very useful for suspicious cases of tuberculosis, increased levels of ADA could facilitate diagnosis. ADA is an enzyme that primarily functions in our body in the development and maintenance of the immune system that catalyzes the …

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Haemophilus Serotyping: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Test Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Limitations, and Keynotes

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Use of bacitracin 10 U on chocolate agar for screening Haemophilus of sputum culture

Introduction of Haemophilus Serotyping Haemophilus Serotyping helps to differentiate serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae. Serotypes refer to separate groups within a species of microorganisms that all share a similar property. More specifically, each serotype has the same number of antigens on its surfaces. For example, encapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae may …

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Shigella Serotyping: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Test Procedure, Result-Interpretation, and Keynotes

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Shigella polyvalent A, B and C2 for Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii

Introduction of Shigella Serotyping Shigella Serotyping helps to differentiate serotypes of Shigella. Serotypes refer to separate groups within a species of microorganisms that all share a similar property. More specifically, each serotype has the same number of antigens on its surfaces. For example, Shigella flexneri serotype 1, 2, 2a, S. sonnei, and S. …

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