bronchoscopy

Lung Cancer: An Overview of Introduction, Types, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

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Introduction Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It arises from the epithelial cells of the bronchial tree or alveoli and is strongly associated with tobacco smoking, although non-smokers may also be affected due to environmental and occupational exposures. Late …

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Presence of Numerous Pus Cells Without Detectable Microbes in Gram-Stained Sputum: Introduction, Diagnostic Implications, and Clinical Considerations

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Presence of Numerous Pus Cells Without Detectable Microbes in Gram-Stained Sputum: Introduction, Diagnostic Implications, and Clinical Considerations

Introduction Gram staining is a routine diagnostic tool for respiratory infections. It reveals bacteria in sputum samples. Occasionally, Gram staining shows numerous pus cells but no microbes. This finding raises several clinical questions and concerns. Pus cells indicate an inflammatory response. They suggest a possible …

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