Haemophilus Serotyping: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Test Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Limitations, and Keynotes

Use of bacitracin 10 U on chocolate agar for screening Haemophilus of sputum culture

Introduction of Haemophilus Serotyping Haemophilus Serotyping helps to differentiate serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae. Serotypes refer to separate groups within a species of microorganisms that all share a similar property. More specifically, each serotype has the same number of antigens on its surfaces. For example, encapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae may …

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Shigella Serotyping: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Test Procedure, Result-Interpretation, and Keynotes

Shigella polyvalent A, B and C2 for Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii

Introduction of Shigella Serotyping Shigella Serotyping helps to differentiate serotypes of Shigella. Serotypes refer to separate groups within a species of microorganisms that all share a similar property. More specifically, each serotype has the same number of antigens on its surfaces. For example, Shigella flexneri serotype 1, 2, 2a, S. sonnei, and S. …

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ABO and Rh Typing: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Applications, and Keynotes

ABO and Rh Typing-Slide Method

Introduction of ABO and Rh Typing ABO blood grouping and Rh typing are the most common blood group systems. There are nearly 300 blood group systems so far discovered. Other than ABO and  Rh are MNS, Lutheran, Kell, Duffy, etc. Karl Landsteiner discovered ABO ( …

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Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)Test: Introduction, Principle, Procedure, Result Interpretation, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)Test- Introduction, Principle, Procedure, Result Interpretation, Clinical Significance and Keynotes

Introduction of Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)Test The antinuclear antibody (ANA)test is a type of blood test in which serum tested for autoantibodies ( SLE) directed against native deoxyribonucleic acid and other nuclear constituents are produced. It involves a variety of tissues and is associated with a wide range …

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Therapeutic Drugs: Introduction, List of Drugs, and Keynotes

Introduction of Therapeutic Drugs Therapeutic drugs are those drugs that are applicable in some critical clinical conditions such as digoxin (to treat various heart conditions) and phenytoin (an anti-seizure medication). Therapeutic Drug monitoring (TDM) is essential for those drugs since it is the clinical practice …

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Anti -TPO Test: Introduction, Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Assaying Method, and Keynotes

Anti TPO Test-Result, Unit, Normal Range, and Assaying Method

Introduction Anti -TPO test is an autoantibody assay that is against thyroperoxidase (TPO) (antigen). TPO is an enzyme present in thyroid hormone formation, catalyzing the oxidation of iodide on tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin for the synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine -T4). This enzyme …

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HbA1C Test: Introduction, Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Testing Method, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

HbA1C blood test using Nycocard Reader

Introduction of HbA1C Test HbA1c refers to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) which shows average plasma glucose concentration. It develops when hemoglobin, a protein within red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen throughout the body, attaches to glucose in the blood, becoming ‘glycated’. By testing HbA1c, clinicians …

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Ferritin Test: Introduction, Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Test Method, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

Ferritin Level- Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Test Method, and Clinical Significance

Introduction of Ferritin Test A serum ferritin test measures the level of ferritin in blood and it is a blood protein that contains iron. It will not be wrong to say that it is an indicator of how much iron the body stores. A low …

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