Otitis Media: Introduction, Types, Signs and Symptoms, Common Pathogens, Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control, and Keynotes

Introduction Otitis media is a medical term used to describe inflammation and infection of the middle ear. The middle ear is the space behind the eardrum that contains the small bones responsible for transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear. It is a common condition, …

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Moraxella catarrhalis: Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

Gram negative cocci in pairs (diplococci) of Moraxella catarrhalis in Gram staining of culture microscopy at a magnification

Introduction Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that belongs to the Moraxellaceae family. It is a non-motile, non-spore-forming bacterium, and it is typically found in the upper respiratory tract of humans as a commensal organism. Though generally considered a commensal, M. catarrhalis can also …

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Haemophilus influenzae: Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

Introduction Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative bacterium that was originally believed to be the causative agent of influenza (the flu). However, it was later discovered that H. influenzae is not related to the viral infection that causes influenza. Instead, this bacterium is known for causing …

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