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Introduction of TPHA and VDRL Tests Doctors use the TPHA (Treponema pallidum Hemagglutination Assay) test to detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum. Since syphilis remains a significant global health concern, early diagnosis is crucial. This test identifies treponemal antibodies in serum or plasma. Because it detects …
Introduction Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative bacterium that was originally believed to be the causative agent of influenza (the flu). However, it was later discovered that H. influenzae is not related to the viral infection that causes influenza. Instead, this bacterium is known for causing …
Introduction Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is widely distributed in nature and can cause a serious foodborne infection known as listeriosis. It is one of the few bacterial species capable of growing at refrigeration temperatures, making it a significant concern for food …