Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR): Introduction, Test Result, Normal Range, Test method, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR)

Introduction The Prothrombin Time Test (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR) are crucial medical tests used to assess the clotting ability of blood. These tests play a vital role in monitoring patients on anticoagulant medications, evaluating bleeding disorders, and assessing liver function. Prothrombin Time Test …

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Microsporum ferrugineum: Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

Microsporum ferrugineum in LPCB taese mount of culture microscopy showing typical bamboo hyphae and lacking production of both microconidia and macroconidia

Introduction Microsporum ferrugineum is a species of dermatophytic fungus that belongs to the genus Microsporum. Dermatophytes are a group of fungi that are capable of infecting and colonizing the outer layers of the skin, hair, and nails, causing various dermatophytosis or “ringworm” infections in humans …

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

Introduction Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a unique type of bacteria that belongs to the class Mollicutes. What sets it apart from other bacteria is its lack of a cell wall, which is a characteristic feature of most bacterial species. This absence of a cell wall makes …

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Geotrichum: Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

Geotrichum candidum colony morphology on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) in clinical specimen, pus

Introduction Geotrichum is a genus of fungi that belong to the family Geotrichaceae. These fungi are commonly found in various environmental settings, including soil, water, and decaying organic matter. Geotrichum species can also be found as part of the natural microbiota in humans and animals. …

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Fluorescence Microscope: Introduction, Principle, Parts, Uses, Care and Maintenance, and Keynotes

Fluorescence Microscope: Introduction, Principle, Parts, Uses, Care and Maintenance, and Keynotes

Introduction A Fluorescence Microscope is a powerful optical instrument used to observe and study specimens that emit fluorescence when exposed to specific wavelengths of light. This technique exploits the unique properties of fluorescence, where certain molecules or structures absorb light at one wavelength and emit …

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E. aerogenes: Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

Enterobacter aerogenes colony morphology on CLED agar of urine culture

Introduction Enterobacter aerogenes is a bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, which includes several other important pathogens and opportunistic bacteria. E. aerogenes is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in various environments, including soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. …

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Enteroviruses: Introduction, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Keynotes

Introduction Enteroviruses are a group of viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family. They are a diverse group of viruses that can cause a wide range of illnesses, from mild cold-like symptoms to more serious diseases. Enteroviruses primarily infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread …

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MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Introduction, Principle, Handling Procedure, Application, and Keynotes

Introduction Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, commonly abbreviated as MALDI-TOF MS, is a powerful analytical technique used in the field of mass spectrometry. It is widely employed for the identification and characterization of a diverse range of molecules, including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, …

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