ITS Region

Molecular Typing of Fungi: Introduction, Common Molecular Typing Method, and Application

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Various Candida species growth on HiCrome Candida Differential Agar

Introduction Molecular typing of fungi uses DNA-based methods to identify species and differentiate strains for clinical, epidemiological, and environmental studies. Key techniques include Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequencing (the standard for identification), Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). These methods are crucial for tracking …

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Sanger Sequencers for Fungal Identification: Introduction, Application, and Keynotes

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The box having the MinION sequencing device, Power adapter (FSP),Interchangeable international plugs- widely used in clinical mycology, genomics, and rapid pathogen surveillance

Introduction Sanger sequencing, developed by Frederick Sanger in 1977, is a chain-termination DNA sequencing method that remains the gold standard for molecular-level fungal identification.It is widely used to determine the exact nucleotide sequence of specific fungal genes (e.g., ITS, D1/D2, LSU, SSU, β-tubulin, calmodulin) to accurately identify fungal …

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Fungal Identification by PCR-Sequencing (Sanger): Introduction, Principle, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

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Pure culture of Candida

Introduction Accurate identification of fungi is critical for clinical, environmental, and epidemiological purposes. Traditional culture and morphology-based methods are time-consuming and may misidentify cryptic or closely related species. PCR amplification followed by Sanger sequencing of conserved genetic loci (e.g., ITS, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, β-tubulin, …

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Candida auris PCR-Directly on Clinical Samples: Introduction, Principle, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

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Candida auris PCR-Directly on Clinical Samples: Introduction, Principle, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

Introduction Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast responsible for outbreaks of healthcare-associated infections worldwide. It is difficult to identify by conventional culture and biochemical methods, often misidentified as other Candida species (C. haemulonii, C. famata). Rapid and accurate detection is essential to initiate infection …

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Fungal Identification by NGS: Introduction, Principle, Test Methods, Test Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes

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PCR products of fungal DNA from pure culture after amplification with primers

Introduction Fungal identification by NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) uses advanced DNA sequencing. Moreover, it rapidly detects diverse fungal species. It enhances diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, it supports personalized treatment decisions. Principle NGS sequences fungal DNA directly. Consequently, it generates millions of short DNA reads. Then, bioinformatics tools …

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Fungal Identification-Introduction, Conventional Method and MALDI TOF Method, Application, and Keynotes

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Conidia, phialides(sterigmata), metullae, and conidiophore of Penicillum in LPCB preparation of culture microscopic examination

Introduction Fungal identification plays a vital role in diagnosing infections. Mycologists use various methods to identify fungal species. Firstly, conventional techniques rely on morphology and culture characteristics. Additionally, molecular assays enhance detection accuracy. Researchers now employ advanced tools to expedite fungal identification. Moreover, timely identification …

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