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Introduction A throat swab Gram stain is a rapid, initial diagnostic test performed on specimens collected from the oropharynx or tonsillar region. It helps to identify bacterial flora, pathogens, and inflammatory response. While culture and molecular methods provide definitive diagnosis, Gram staining offers early guidance …
Introduction Acinetobacter ursingii is a Gram-negative, non-fermentative, opportunistic bacterium belonging to the genus Acinetobacter. It is an uncommon species compared to Acinetobacter baumannii, but it has been increasingly recognized in healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Reported cases include bacteremia, septicemia, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections, …
Introduction Respiratory tract infections are caused by a wide range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Conventional diagnostic methods such as culture, microscopy, and antigen detection are time-consuming and often lack sensitivity. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, applied directly to respiratory samples (sputum, …
Introduction Sulfonamide crystals are drug-induced urinary crystals that appear in patients receiving sulfonamide (sulfa) therapy, particularly when urine is acidic, concentrated, or dehydrated. They occur due to precipitation of unmetabolized sulfonamide compounds in urine, especially older drugs like sulfadiazine, which are less soluble in acidic …
Introduction Urate crystals, also referred to as uric acid crystals, are metabolic by-products of purine metabolism found in urine. They are frequently observed during urine microscopy, especially in patients with altered pH, dehydration, or metabolic disorders. Their presence can be physiological in concentrated urine or …
Introduction Ascitic fluid microscopy is a laboratory diagnostic method used to examine peritoneal (ascitic) fluid obtained via paracentesis. It helps in identifying cells, microorganisms, and crystals that provide clues about underlying causes such as infection, malignancy, liver disease, or systemic disorders. Principle The principle of …
Introduction Pleural fluid is the liquid collected from the pleural space between the lung and chest wall. Microscopic examination of pleural fluid plays a key role in identifying the underlying cause of pleural effusion. It helps distinguish between transudates and exudates, detect infectious organisms, malignant …
Introduction Root Canal Treatment (RCT) is a dental procedure aimed at preserving a tooth that has been severely damaged or infected due to decay, trauma, or pulp disease. Instead of extracting the tooth, RCT involves cleaning, shaping, disinfecting, and sealing the root canal system to …